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arXiv:1403.7431 · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment

Validity of the GGE for quantum quenches from interacting to noninteracting models

Spyros Sotiriadis, Pasquale Calabrese

Published Jul 24, 2014• 190 citations
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Abstract

In the majority of analytical verifications of the conjecture that the Generalized Gibbs Ensemble (GGE) describes the large time asymptotics of local observables in quantum quench problems, both post- and pre-quench Hamiltonians are essentially noninteracting. We test this conjecture studying field correlations in the more general case of an arbitrary pre-quench Hamiltonian, while keeping the post-quench one noninteracting. We first show that, in the previously studied special case of a noninteracting pre-quench Hamiltonian, the validity of the conjecture is a consequence of Wick's theorem. We then show that this conjecture is more generally valid for an arbitrary interacting pre-quench Hamiltonian, but this time as a consequence of the cluster decomposition property of the initial state, which is a fundamental principle for generic physical states. For arbitrary initial states that do not satisfy the cluster decomposition property, the above conjecture is not generally true. As a byproduct of our investigation we obtain an analytical derivation of earlier numerical results for the large time evolution of correlations after a quantum quench of the interaction in the Lieb–Liniger model from a nonzero value to zero.

DOI
10.1088/1742-5468/2014/07/p07024

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In the majority of analytical verifications of the conjecture that the Generalized Gibbs Ensemble (GGE) describes the large time asymptotics of local observables in quantum quench problems, both post- and pre-quench Hamiltonians are essentially noninteracting. We test this conjecture studying field correlations in the more general case of an arbitrary pre-quench Hamiltonian, while keeping the post-quench one noninteracting. We first show that, in the previously studied special case of a noninteracting pre-quench Hamiltonian, the validity of the conjecture is a consequence of Wick's theorem. We then show that this conjecture is more generally valid for an arbitrary interacting pre-quench Hamiltonian, but this time as a consequence of the cluster decomposition property of the initial state, which is a fundamental principle for generic physical states. For arbitrary initial states that do not satisfy the cluster decomposition property, the above conjecture is not generally true. As a byproduct of our investigation we obtain an analytical derivation of earlier numerical results for the large time evolution of correlations after a quantum quench of the interaction in the Lieb–Liniger model from a nonzero value to zero.
It is widely believed that the stationary properties after a quantum quench in integrable systems can be described by a generalized Gibbs ensemble (GGE), even if all of the analytical evidence is based on free theories in which the pre- and postquench modes are linearly related. In contrast, we consider the experimentally relevant quench of the one-dimensional Bose gas from zero to infinite interaction, in which the relation between modes is nonlinear, and consequently Wick's theorem does not hold. We provide exact analytical results for the time evolution of the dynamical density-density correlation function at any time after the quench and we prove that its stationary value is described by a GGE in which Wick's theorem is restored.
One of the fundamental principles of statistical physics is that only partial information about a system's state is required for its macroscopic description. This is not only true for thermal ensembles, but also for the unconventional ensemble, known as Generalized Gibbs Ensemble (GGE), that is expected to describe the relaxation of integrable systems after a quantum quench. By analytically studying the quench dynamics in a prototypical one-dimensional critical model, the massless free bosonic field theory, we find evidence of a novel type of equilibration characterized by the preservation of an enormous amount of memory of the initial state that is accessible by local measurements. In particular, we show that the equilibration retains memory of non-Gaussian initial correlations, in contrast to the case of massive free evolution which erases all such memory. The GGE in its standard form, being a Gaussian ensemble, fails to predict correctly the equilibrium values of local observables, unless the initial state is Gaussian itself. Our findings show that the equilibration of a broad class of quenches whose evolution is described by Luttinger liquid theory with an initial state that is non-Gaussian in terms of the bosonic field, is not correctly captured by the corresponding bosonic GGE, raising doubts about the validity of the latter in general one-dimensional gapless integrable systems such as the Lieb-Liniger model. We also propose that the same experiment by which the GGE was recently observed [Langen et al., Science 348 (2015) 207-211] can also be used to observe its failure, simply by starting from a non-Gaussian initial state.
Abstract Ground states ofinteracting QFTs are non-Gaussian states, i.e. their connected n -point correlation functions do not vanish for , in contrast to the free QFT case. We show that, when the ground state of an interacting QFT evolves under a free massive QFT for a long time (a scenario that can be realised by a quantum quench), the connected correlation functions decay and all local physical observables equilibrate to values that are given by a Gaussian density matrix that retains memory only of the two-point initial correlation function. The argument hinges upon the fundamental physical principle of cluster decomposition, which is valid for the ground state of a general QFT. An analogous result was already known to be valid in the case of d = 1 spatial dimensions, where it is a special case of the so-called generalised Gibbs ensemble (GGE) hypothesis, and we now generalise it to higher dimensions. Moreover, in the case of massless free evolution, despite the fact that the evolution may lead not to equilibration but instead to unbounded increase of correlations with time, the GGE gives correctly the leading-order asymptotic behaviour of correlation functions in the thermodynamic and large time limit. The demonstration is performed in the context of a bosonic relativistic QFT, but the arguments apply more generally.
The nonequilibrium dynamics of integrable systems are highly constrained by the conservation of certain charges. There is substantial evidence that after a quantum quench they do not thermalize but their asymptotic steady state can be described by a generalized Gibbs ensemble (GGE) built from the conserved charges. Most of the studies on the GGE so far have focused on models that can be mapped to quadratic systems, while analytic treatment in nonquadratic systems remained elusive. We obtain results on interaction quenches in a nonquadratic continuum system, the one-dimensional (1D) Bose gas described by the integrable Lieb-Liniger model. The direct implementation of the GGE prescription is prohibited by the divergence of the conserved charges, which we conjecture to be endemic to any continuum integrable systems with contact interactions undergoing a sudden quench. We compute local correlators for a noninteracting initial state and arbitrary final interactions as well as two-point functions for quenches to the Tonks-Girardeau regime. We show that in the long time limit integrability leads to significant deviations from the predictions of the grand canonical ensemble, allowing for an experimental verification in cold-atom systems.
We obtain exact results on interaction quenches in the 1D Bose gas described by the integrable Lieb-Liniger model. We show that in the long time limit integrability leads to significant deviations from the predictions of the grand canonical ensemble and a description within the generalized Gibbs ensemble (GGE) is needed. For a non-interacting initial state and arbitrary final interactions, we find that the presence of infinitely many conserved charges generates a non-analytic behavior in the equilibrated density of quasimomenta. This manifests itself in a dynamically generated Friedel-like oscillation of the non-local correlation functions with interaction dependent oscillation momenta. We also exactly evaluate local correlations and the generalized chemical potentials within GGE.
We consider quantum quenches in the so-called q -boson lattice model. We argue that the Generalized Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis holds in this model, therefore the Generalized Gibbs Ensemble (GGE) gives a valid description of the stationary states in the long time limit. For a special class of initial states (which are the pure Fock states in the local basis) we are able to provide the GGE predictions for the resulting root densities. We also give predictions for the long-time limit of certain local operators. In the q → ∞ limit the calculations simplify considerably, the wave functions are given by Schur polynomials and the overlaps with the initial states can be written as simple determinants. In two cases we prove rigorously that the GGE prediction for the root density is correct. Moreover, we calculate the exact time dependence of a physical observable (the one-site Emptiness Formation Probability) for the quench starting from the state with exactly one particle per site. In the long-time limit the GGE prediction is recovered.