An alternative to the current accepted model of expanding universe is presented. The proposal is anchored in the objective realist, stochastic formulation of quantum mechanics wherein the Planck constant plays the role of a diffusion constant which need not be an universal constant for all epochs. This underlying noise is charecterised by a very high initial value of the Planck constant which gradually decreased over the epochs gone by, finally reaching its present value .It is this decrease in the strength of the Planck constant that causes a spectral red shift with the passage of time .The compatibility of this proposal with some cosmological data is shown.Feasible spectroscopic measurement of a specific spectral line frequency done over a period of a few years can decisively either validate or invalidate the proposal in a terrestrially bound experiment. This proposal predicts a slowing down of atomic clocks by nearly 2. 10^-18 s with respect to every preceding second. A positive experimental outcome will validate the objective realist basis of quantum physics as advocated by Einstein and many others.
An alternative to the current accepted model of expanding universe is presented. The proposal is anchored in the objective realist, stochastic formulation of quantum mechanics wherein the Planck constant plays the role of a diffusion constant which need not be an universal constant for all epochs. This underlying noise is charecterised by a very high initial value of the Planck constant which gradually decreased over the epochs gone by, finally reaching its present value .It is this decrease in the strength of the Planck constant that causes a spectral red shift with the passage of time .The compatibility of this proposal with some cosmological data is shown.Feasible spectroscopic measurement of a specific spectral line frequency done over a period of a few years can decisively either validate or invalidate the proposal in a terrestrially bound experiment. This proposal predicts a slowing down of atomic clocks by nearly 2. 10^-18 s with respect to every preceding second. A positive experimental outcome will validate the objective realist basis of quantum physics as advocated by Einstein and many others.
This article provides a critical evaluation of the prevailing paradigms in modern physics, specifically focusing on Quantum Mechanics (QM) and the Special/General Theories of Relativity (SR/GR). The study highlights the epistemological tension between physical realism—defined by the continuity of material processes—and the probabilistic, non-deterministic models currently accepted in mainstream science. An alternative interpretation of atomic clock experiments (e.g., Hafele-Keating, GPS) is proposed, suggesting that observed time dilation reflects gravitational influence on physical mechanisms rather than a kinematic shift in the temporal dimension itself. Furthermore, the paper posits that "quantum jumps" are an artifact of measurement constraints rather than an intrinsic property of nature. The necessity of returning to a continuous wave-based model for the photoelectric effect is also discussed.
This paper introduces a dual-clock framework that unifies quantum mechanics, general relativity, and thermodynamics through a single dynamical equation governing temporal evolution. The model proposes that physical time emerges from interference between two counter-propagating temporal waves: an entropic wave driving phase-space exploration and a Lagrangian wave driving action minimization. Their interaction produces a universal refresh constant τ that regulates coherence across all physical systems. The framework recovers standard quantum and relativistic equations as limiting cases (τ = 0) while predicting measurable deviations for τ ≠ 0. The primary experimental prediction is a differential frequency offset between co-located optical atomic clocks of different species: δR ≈ -7 × 10⁻¹⁸, testable with emerging 10⁻¹⁹-precision clock technology. Numerical simulations demonstrate stability over 3.17 × 10¹⁵ equivalent years, reproducing FRW cosmological expansion, gravitational time dilation, and QED phase behavior. The model provides geometric explanations for quantum measurement collapse, black-hole singularities as temporal degree-of-freedom mergers, and biological quantum coherence in photosynthetic systems. This work presents a falsifiable, minimal extension to the Standard Model requiring no new particles or hidden dimensions, testable with near-term atomic clock experiments.
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that the product of the noise in a position measurement and the momentum disturbance caused by that measurement should be no less than the limit set by Planck's constant $\ensuremath{\Elzxh}/2$ as demonstrated by Heisenberg's thought experiment using a \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray microscope. Here it is shown that this common assumption is not universally true: a universally valid trade-off relation between the noise and the disturbance has an additional correlation term, which is redundant when the intervention brought by the measurement is independent of the measured object, but which allows the noise-disturbance product much below Planck's constant when the intervention is dependent. A model of measuring interaction with dependent intervention shows that Heisenberg's lower bound for the noise-disturbance product is violated even by a nearly nondisturbing precise position measurement. An experimental implementation is also proposed to realize the above model in the context of optical quadrature measurement with currently available linear optical devices.
The `problem of time' remains an unresolved issue in all known physical descriptions of the Universe. One aspect of this problem is the conspicuous absence of time in the Wheeler-Dewitt equation, which is the analogue of the Schrodinger equation for the Universal wavefunction. Page and Wootters famously addressed this problem by providing a mechanism for effectively introducing time evolution into this timeless cosmological picture. Their method, which is sometimes called the conditional probability interpretation (CPI), requires the identification of an internal clock system that is meant to keep time for the remainder of the Universe. Most investigations into this idea employ the idealized limit of a non-interacting clock system, the so-called ideal clock. However, by allowing for interactions, we have found the counter-intuitive result that a non-interacting clock is not necessarily the optimal choice, even if it is `ideal'. In particular, the uncertainty that is associated with the physical measurement of an atomic clock is found to decrease monotonically as the interactions grow stronger. This observation, which is reinforced by a previous study using a semi-classical clock, paves the way to an independent argument that is based on the energy conservation of any isolated system. Our conclusion is that ideal clocks must be prohibited from the CPI when recovering cosmological time evolution. Interactions are necessary for describing time evolution as a strict matter of principle. Lastly, we also consider the implications of this result for the experience of time in the evolution of the Universe.
The predictions of the Quantum Theory have been verified so far with astonishingly high accuracy. Despite of its impressive successes, the theory still presents mysterious features such as the border line between the classical and quantum world, or the deep nature of quantum nonlocality. These open questions motivated in the past several proposals of alternative and/or generalized approaches. We shall discuss in the present paper alternative theories that can be infered from a reconsideration of the status of time in quantum mechanics. Roughly speaking, quantum mechanics is usually formulated as a memory free (Markovian) theory at a fundamental level, but alternative, nonMarkovian, formulations are possible, and some of them can be tested in the laboratory. In our paper we shall give a survey of these alternative proposals, describe related experiments that were realized in the past and also formulate new experimental proposals.
The predictions of the Quantum Theory have been verified so far with astonishingly high accuracy. Despite of its impressive successes, the theory still presents mysterious features such as the border line between the classical and quantum world, or the deep nature of quantum nonlocality. These open questions motivated in the past several proposals of alternative and/or generalized approaches. We shall discuss in the present paper alternative theories that can be infered from a reconsideration of the status of time in quantum mechanics. Roughly speaking, quantum mechanics is usually formulated as a memory free (Markovian) theory at a fundamental level, but alternative, nonMarkovian, formulations are possible, and some of them can be tested in the laboratory. In our paper we shall give a survey of these alternative proposals, describe related experiments that were realized in the past and also formulate new experimental proposals.