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arXiv:1402.2771 · Optics Letters

Bright squeezed-vacuum source with 11 spatial mode

Angela M. Pérez, T. Sh. Iskhakov, Polina R. Sharapova, Samuel Lemieux, Olga V. Tikhonova, Maria V. Chekhova, Gerd Leuchs

Published Apr 8, 2014• 77 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Bright squeezed vacuum, a macroscopic nonclassical state of light, can be obtained at the output of a strongly pumped nonseeded traveling-wave optical parametric amplifier (OPA). By constructing the OPA of two consecutive crystals separated by a large distance, we make the squeezed vacuum spatially single-mode without a significant decrease in the brightness or squeezing.

DOI
10.1364/ol.39.002403

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Bright squeezed vacuum, a macroscopic nonclassical state of light, can be obtained at the output of a strongly pumped nonseeded traveling-wave optical parametric amplifier (OPA). By constructing the OPA of two consecutive crystals separated by a large distance, we make the squeezed vacuum spatially single-mode without a significant decrease in the brightness or squeezing.
The bright squeezed vacuum state of light is a macroscopic nonclassical state found at the output of a strongly pumped unseeded travelling-wave optical parametric amplifier. It has been applied to quantum imaging, quantum communication, and phase supersensitivity, to name a few. Bright squeezed states are in general highly multimode, while most applications require a single mode. We separated two nonlinear crystals in the direction of propagation of the pump in order to narrow the angular spectrum down to a nearly-single angular mode. We observed noise reduction in the photon number difference between the two down-converted channels, which constitutes of proof of nonclassicality. By introducing a dispersive medium between the two nonlinear crystals, we were able to tailor the frequency spectrum of bright squeezed vacuum and to dramatically reduce the number of frequency modes down to 1.82 ± 0.02, bringing us closer to truly single-mode bright squeezed vacuum.
In a strongly pumped nondegenerate traveling-wave optical parametric amplifier, we produce a two-color squeezed vacuum with up to millions of photons per pulse. Our approach to registering this macroscopic quantum state is direct detection of a large number of transverse and longitudinal modes, which is achieved by making the detection time and area much larger than the coherence time and area, respectively. Using this approach, we obtain a record value of twin-beam squeezing for direct detection of bright squeezed vacuum. This makes direct detection of macroscopic squeezed vacuum a practical tool for quantum information applications.
Squeezed vacuum with large photon numbers is an example of a macroscopic system with nonclassical properties. These properties are manifested in pairwise intensity correlations, also called twin-beam squeezing. We produce squeezed vacuum in a traveling-wave pulse-pumped frequency non-degenerate optical parametric amplifier (NOPA). Twin-beam squeezing is measured via direct detection and measurement of the difference-signal variance for two balanced detectors. It is shown that the study of the intensity correlations using this method requires a collection of a large number of modes, both longitudinal and transverse.
Control over the spectral properties of the bright squeezed vacuum (BSV), a highly multimode nonclassical macroscopic state of light that can be generated through high-gain parametric down conversion, is crucial for many applications. In particular, in several recent experiments BSV is generated in a strongly pumped SU(1,1) interferometer to achieve phase supersensitivity, perform broadband homodyne detection, or tailor the frequency spectrum of squeezed light. In this work, we present an analytical approach to the theoretical description of BSV in the frequency domain based on the Bloch-Messiah reduction and the Schmidt-mode formalism. As a special case we consider a strongly pumped SU(1,1) interferometer. We show that different moments of the radiation at its output depend on the phase, dispersion, and the parametric gain in a nontrivial way, thereby providing additional insights on the capabilities of nonlinear interferometers. In particular, a dramatic change in the spectrum occurs as the parametric gain increases.
We investigate both theoretically and experimentally strong correlations in macroscopic (bright) quantum states of light generated via unseeded parametric down-conversion and four-wave mixing. The states generated this way contain only quantum noise, without a classical component, and are referred to as bright squeezed vacuum (BSV). Their important advantage is the multimode structure, which offers a larger capacity for the encoding of quantum information. For the theoretical description of these states and their correlation features we introduce a generalized fully analytical approach, based on the concept of independent collective (Schmidt) modes and valid for the cases of both weak and strong nonlinear interaction. In experiment, we generate states of macroscopic BSV with up to 1010{10}^{10}1010 photons per mode and examine large photon-number spatial correlations that are found to be very well described by our theoretical approach.
We present the quantum theory of a spatially-multimode traveling-wave phase-sensitive optical parametric amplifier (OPA) pumped by a beam with arbitrary spatial profile. By using Green's functions of the classical OPA, we derive the normally-ordered quadrature correlators at the OPA output, which provide complete quantum description of the phase-sensitive OPA and enable determination of its independently-squeezed eigenmodes. Two analytically treatable examples of plane-wave pump and infinite spatial bandwidth of the crystal are discussed in detail.