Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1311.0093

Quantum states as complex probabilities: The physics behind direct observations of photon wavefunctions in weak measurements

Holger Friedrich Hofmann

Published Nov 1, 2013• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Weak measurements of photon position can be used to obtain direct experimental evidence of the wavefunction of a photon between generation and ultimate detection. Significantly, these measurement results can also be understood as complex valued conditional probabilities of intermediate photon positions. It is therefore possible to interpret the quantum state as a complex valued probability distribution from which measurement probabilities can be derived according to Bayesian rules. The conventional measurement probabilities derived from squares of the wavefunction then describes the effects of measurement back-action, which originate from a non-classical relation between dynamics and statistics that is characteristic of quantum mechanics. It is pointed out that this relation can be used to derive the complete Hilbert space formalism directly from complex probabilities, without the axiomatic introduction of quantum states or operators.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1311.0093

Related papers

Weak valued statistics as fundamental explanation of quantum physics

Holger Friedrich Hofmann

Recently, weak measurements have attracted a lot of interest as an experimental method for the investigation of non-classical correlations between observables that cannot be measured jointly. Here, I explain how the complex valued statistics observed in weak measurements relate to the operator algebra of the conventional Hilbert space formalism and show that the algebra of operators originates from more fundamental relations between the physical properties of a quantum system that can be expressed in terms of complex conditional probabilities. In particular, commutation relations can be identified with fundamental imaginary correlations that characterize the relations between physical properties in terms of their transformation dynamics. Non-commutativity thus originates from a definition of relations between physical properties that replaces the assumption of joint reality with a complex-valued probability reflecting the dynamical response of the system to external forces, e.g. in measurement interactions.

arXiv:1305.0053•Apr 30, 2013•1 citation

On the relation between transformation dynamics and quantum statistics in weak measurements

Holger Friedrich Hofmann

Experimentally, the imaginary parts of complex weak values are obtained from the response of the system to small unitary phase shifts generated by the target observable. The complex conditional probabilities obtained from weak measurements can therefore be explained in terms of transformation dynamics. Specifically, the complex phase of weak conditional probabilities provides a complete description of the transformation dynamics between the initial and the final state generated by the intermediate states. The result is a measure of quantum state overlap that relates quantum statistical properties directly to the dynamical action of unitary transformations.

arXiv:1105.0224•May 2, 2011•0 citations

What the complex joint probabilities observed in weak measurements can tell us about quantum physics

Holger Friedrich Hofmann

Quantum mechanics does not permit joint measurements of non-commuting observables.However, it is possible to measure the weak value of a projection operator, followed by the precise measurement of a different property.The results can be interpreted as complex joint probabilities of the two non-commuting measurement outcomes.Significantly, it is possible to predict the outcome of completely different measurements by combining the joint probabilities of the initial state with complex conditional probabilities relating the new measurement to the possible combinations of measurement outcomes used in the characterization of the quantum state.We can therefore conclude that the complex conditional probabilities observed in weak measurements describe fundamental state-independent relations between non-commuting properties that represent the most fundamental form of universal laws in quantum physics.

arXiv:1303.0078•AIP conference proceedings•Jan 1, 2014•4 citations

On the role of complex phases in the quantum statistics of weak measurements

Holger Friedrich Hofmann

Weak measurements carried out between quantum state preparation and post-selection result in complex values for self-adjoint operators, corresponding to complex conditional probabilities for the projections on specific eigenstates. In this paper it is shown that the complex phases of these weak conditional probabilities describe the dynamic response of the system to unitary transformations. Quantum mechanics thus unifies the statistical overlap of different states with the dynamical structure of transformations between these states. Specifically, it is possible to identify the phase of weak conditional probabilities directly with the action of a unitary transform that maximizes the overlap of initial and final states. This action provides a quantitative measure of how much quantum correlations can diverge from the deterministic relations between physical properties expected from classical physics or hidden variable theories. In terms of quantum information, the phases of weak conditional probabilities thus represent the logical tension between sets of three quantum states that is at the heart of quantum paradoxes.

arXiv:1104.0062•New Journal of Physics•Oct 11, 2011•52 citations

Derivation of quantum mechanics from a single fundamental modification of the relations between physical properties

Holger Friedrich Hofmann

Recent results obtained in quantum measurements indicate that the fundamental relations between three physical properties of a system can be represented by complex conditional probabilities. Here, it is shown that these relations provide a fully deterministic and universally valid framework on which all of quantum mechanics can be based. Specifically, quantum mechanics can be derived by combining the rules of Bayesian probability theory with only a single additional law that explains the phases of complex probabilities. This law, which I introduce here as the law of quantum ergodicity, is based on the observation that the reality of physical properties cannot be separated from the dynamics by which they emerge in measurement interactions. The complex phases are an expression of this inseparability and represent the dynamical structure of transformations between the different properties. In its quantitative form, the law of quantum ergodicity describes a fundamental relation between the ergodic probabilities obtained by dynamical averaging and the deterministic relations between three properties expressed by the complex conditional probabilities. The complete formalism of quantum mechanics can be derived from this one relation, without any axiomatic mathematical assumptions about state vectors or superpositions. It is therefore possible to explain all quantum phenomena as the consequence of a single fundamental law of physics.

arXiv:1306.2993•Physical Review A•Apr 24, 2014•29 citations

Quantum paradoxes originating from the nonclassical statistics of physical properties related to each other by half-periodic transformations

Holger Friedrich Hofmann

Quantum paradoxes show that quantum statistics can exceed the limits of positive joint probabilities for physical properties that cannot be measured jointly. It is therefore impossible to describe the relations between the different physical properties of a quantum system by assigning joint realities to their observable values. Instead, recent experimental results obtained by weak measurements suggest that nonclassical correlations could be expressed by complex valued quasiprobabilities, where the phases of the complex probabilities express the action of transformations between the noncommuting properties [H. F. Hofmann, New J. Phys. 13, 103009 (2011)]. In these relations, negative probabilities necessarily emerge whenever the physical properties involved are related to each other by half-periodic transformations, since such transformations are characterized by action phases of $\ensuremath{\pi}$ in their complex probabilities. It is therefore possible to trace the failure of realist assumptions back to a fundamental and universally valid relation between statistics and dynamics that associates half-periodic transformations with negative probabilities.

arXiv:1406.3085•Physical Review A•Jun 22, 2015•26 citations
Weak measurements of photon position can be used to obtain direct experimental evidence of the wavefunction of a photon between generation and ultimate detection. Significantly, these measurement results can also be understood as complex valued conditional probabilities of intermediate photon positions. It is therefore possible to interpret the quantum state as a complex valued probability distribution from which measurement probabilities can be derived according to Bayesian rules. The conventional measurement probabilities derived from squares of the wavefunction then describes the effects of measurement back-action, which originate from a non-classical relation between dynamics and statistics that is characteristic of quantum mechanics. It is pointed out that this relation can be used to derive the complete Hilbert space formalism directly from complex probabilities, without the axiomatic introduction of quantum states or operators.
Recently, weak measurements have attracted a lot of interest as an experimental method for the investigation of non-classical correlations between observables that cannot be measured jointly. Here, I explain how the complex valued statistics observed in weak measurements relate to the operator algebra of the conventional Hilbert space formalism and show that the algebra of operators originates from more fundamental relations between the physical properties of a quantum system that can be expressed in terms of complex conditional probabilities. In particular, commutation relations can be identified with fundamental imaginary correlations that characterize the relations between physical properties in terms of their transformation dynamics. Non-commutativity thus originates from a definition of relations between physical properties that replaces the assumption of joint reality with a complex-valued probability reflecting the dynamical response of the system to external forces, e.g. in measurement interactions.
Experimentally, the imaginary parts of complex weak values are obtained from the response of the system to small unitary phase shifts generated by the target observable. The complex conditional probabilities obtained from weak measurements can therefore be explained in terms of transformation dynamics. Specifically, the complex phase of weak conditional probabilities provides a complete description of the transformation dynamics between the initial and the final state generated by the intermediate states. The result is a measure of quantum state overlap that relates quantum statistical properties directly to the dynamical action of unitary transformations.
Quantum mechanics does not permit joint measurements of non-commuting observables.However, it is possible to measure the weak value of a projection operator, followed by the precise measurement of a different property.The results can be interpreted as complex joint probabilities of the two non-commuting measurement outcomes.Significantly, it is possible to predict the outcome of completely different measurements by combining the joint probabilities of the initial state with complex conditional probabilities relating the new measurement to the possible combinations of measurement outcomes used in the characterization of the quantum state.We can therefore conclude that the complex conditional probabilities observed in weak measurements describe fundamental state-independent relations between non-commuting properties that represent the most fundamental form of universal laws in quantum physics.
Weak measurements carried out between quantum state preparation and post-selection result in complex values for self-adjoint operators, corresponding to complex conditional probabilities for the projections on specific eigenstates. In this paper it is shown that the complex phases of these weak conditional probabilities describe the dynamic response of the system to unitary transformations. Quantum mechanics thus unifies the statistical overlap of different states with the dynamical structure of transformations between these states. Specifically, it is possible to identify the phase of weak conditional probabilities directly with the action of a unitary transform that maximizes the overlap of initial and final states. This action provides a quantitative measure of how much quantum correlations can diverge from the deterministic relations between physical properties expected from classical physics or hidden variable theories. In terms of quantum information, the phases of weak conditional probabilities thus represent the logical tension between sets of three quantum states that is at the heart of quantum paradoxes.
Recent results obtained in quantum measurements indicate that the fundamental relations between three physical properties of a system can be represented by complex conditional probabilities. Here, it is shown that these relations provide a fully deterministic and universally valid framework on which all of quantum mechanics can be based. Specifically, quantum mechanics can be derived by combining the rules of Bayesian probability theory with only a single additional law that explains the phases of complex probabilities. This law, which I introduce here as the law of quantum ergodicity, is based on the observation that the reality of physical properties cannot be separated from the dynamics by which they emerge in measurement interactions. The complex phases are an expression of this inseparability and represent the dynamical structure of transformations between the different properties. In its quantitative form, the law of quantum ergodicity describes a fundamental relation between the ergodic probabilities obtained by dynamical averaging and the deterministic relations between three properties expressed by the complex conditional probabilities. The complete formalism of quantum mechanics can be derived from this one relation, without any axiomatic mathematical assumptions about state vectors or superpositions. It is therefore possible to explain all quantum phenomena as the consequence of a single fundamental law of physics.
Quantum paradoxes show that quantum statistics can exceed the limits of positive joint probabilities for physical properties that cannot be measured jointly. It is therefore impossible to describe the relations between the different physical properties of a quantum system by assigning joint realities to their observable values. Instead, recent experimental results obtained by weak measurements suggest that nonclassical correlations could be expressed by complex valued quasiprobabilities, where the phases of the complex probabilities express the action of transformations between the noncommuting properties [H. F. Hofmann, New J. Phys. 13, 103009 (2011)]. In these relations, negative probabilities necessarily emerge whenever the physical properties involved are related to each other by half-periodic transformations, since such transformations are characterized by action phases of $\ensuremath{\pi}$ in their complex probabilities. It is therefore possible to trace the failure of realist assumptions back to a fundamental and universally valid relation between statistics and dynamics that associates half-periodic transformations with negative probabilities.