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arXiv:1310.1272 · Physical Review A

Test of the He-McKellar-Wilkens topological phase by atom interferometry. II. The experiment and its results

S. Lepoutre, Jonathan Gillot, A. Gauguet, M Büchner, J. Vigué

Published Oct 21, 2013• 12 citations
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Abstract

In this paper, we describe an experimental test of the He-McKellar-Wilkens (HMW) topological phase with our lithium atom interferometer. The expected value of the HMW phase shift in our experiment is small and its measurement was difficult because of stray phase shifts due to small experimental defects. We start by describing our setup and we characterize the effects of the electric and magnetic fields needed to observe the HMW effect. Then we develop a model of our interferometer signals including all the defects we have identified. After various tests of this model, we use it to suppress the majority of the stray phase shifts. We thus obtain a series of measurements of the HMW phase: the results are 31% larger than expected and this discrepancy is probably due to some limitations of our model.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.88.043628

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There are three topological phases related to electromagnetic interactions in quantum mechanics: 1. The Aharonov Bohm phase acquired when a charged particle encircles a magnetic field but travels through a field free region. 2. The Aharonov Casher phase acquired when a magnetic dipole encircles electric charges but travels through a charge free region. 3. The He McKellar Wilkens phase acquired when an electric dipole encircles magnetic charges but travels through a charge free region. We review the conditions under which these phases are indeed topological and their experimental realisation. Because the He McKellar Wilkens phase has been recently observed we pay particular attention to how the basic concept of "an electric dipole encircles magnetic charges" was realised experimentally, and discuss possible future experimental realisations.

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In this paper, we describe an experimental test of the He-McKellar-Wilkens (HMW) topological phase with our lithium atom interferometer. The expected value of the HMW phase shift in our experiment is small and its measurement was difficult because of stray phase shifts due to small experimental defects. We start by describing our setup and we characterize the effects of the electric and magnetic fields needed to observe the HMW effect. Then we develop a model of our interferometer signals including all the defects we have identified. After various tests of this model, we use it to suppress the majority of the stray phase shifts. We thus obtain a series of measurements of the HMW phase: the results are 31% larger than expected and this discrepancy is probably due to some limitations of our model.
In this Letter, we report a measurement of the He-McKellar-Wilkens (HMW) topological phase by atom interferometry. The experiment is done with our lithium atom interferometer, and in order to suppress the stray effects present in our first experiment, we use optical pumping of the (7)Li atoms in their F=2, m(F)=+2 (or -2) ground state sublevel. In these conditions, the measured phase shift is the sum of the HMW phase and of the Aharonov-Casher phase, which are separated due to their different m(F) dependence. The HMW phase has been measured for different lithium beam velocities and the results are in very good agreement with a phase independent of the atom velocity, as expected for a topological phase.
We have recently tested the topological phase predicted by He and McKellar and by Wilkens: this phase appears when an electric dipole propagates in a transverse magnetic field. In the present paper, we first recall the physical origin of this phase and its relations to the Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher phases. We then explain possible detection schemes and we briefly describe the lithium atom interferometer we have used for this purpose. Finally, we analyze in great detail the phase shifts induced by electric and magnetic fields acting on such an interferometer, taking into account experimental defects. The experiment and its results are described in the following paper.
We report an experimental test of the topological phase predicted by He and McKellar in 1993 and by Wilkens in 1994: this phase, which appears when an electric dipole propagates in a magnetic field, is connected to the Aharonov-Casher effect by electric-magnetic duality. The He-McKellar-Wilkens phase is quite small, at most 27 mrad in our experiment, and this experiment requires the high phase sensitivity of our atom interferometer with spatially separated arms as well as symmetry reversals such as the direction of the electric and magnetic fields. The measured value of the He-McKellar-Wilkens phase differs by 31% from its theoretical value, a difference possibly due to some as yet uncontrolled systematic errors.
La famille des phases géométriques d'origine électromagnétique est formée de la phase Aharonov-Bohm (AB) prédite en 1959 et des phases Aharonov-Casher (AC) et He-McKellar-Wilkens (HMW) prédites en 1984 et 1993-1994 respectivement. Si la phase AB et la phase AC ont été rapidement observées expérimentalement, la phase HMW n'a été détectée qu'en 2011 par notre équipe au cours de la thèse de S. Lepoutre. La phase AC apparaît quand un dipôle magnétique interagit avec un champ électrique perpendiculaire à sa vitesse et au dipôle et la phase HMW, reliée à la phase AC par la dualité de Maxwell, apparaît quand un dipôle électrique interagit avec un champ magnétique perpendiculaire à sa vitesse et au dipôle. Cette thèse présente la mesure de ces deux phases à l'aide d'un interféromètre atomique de Mach-Zehnder fonctionnant avec l'atome de lithium 7Li et utilisant la diffraction de Bragg par des ondes stationnaires laser. Dans ce manuscrit, je commence par présenter l'interféromètre atomique puis je décris le pompage optique du jet atomique de lithium dans un seul sous-niveau Zeeman-hyperfin F = 2,MF = +2 (ou -2) et la caractérisation de son efficacité qui est voisine de 95 ± 5%. Ce pompage a rendu indétectables les effets systématiques qui avaient compliqué la première détection de la phase HMW. Je présente ensuite les mesures des phases AC et HMW qui sont petites, de l'ordre de quelques dizaines de milliradians dans les conditions de cette expérience, avec une incertitude inférieure 10%. En variant la vitesse moyenne des atomes entre 750 m/s et 1500 m/s, nous avons observé que ces deux phases sont bien indépendantes de la vitesse ce qui prouve leur caractère géométrique.
We have built and operated an atom interferometer of the Mach-Zehnder type. The atomic wave is a supersonic beam of lithium seeded in argon and the mirrors and beam-splitters for the atomic wave are based on elastic Bragg diffraction on laser standing waves at 671 nm. We give here a detailed description of our experimental setup and of the procedures used to align its components. We then present experimental signals, exhibiting atomic interference effects with a very high visibility, up to 84.5 %. We describe a series of experiments testing the sensitivity of the fringe visibility to the main alignment defects and to the magnetic field gradient.
There are three topological phases related to electromagnetic interactions in quantum mechanics: 1. The Aharonov Bohm phase acquired when a charged particle encircles a magnetic field but travels through a field free region. 2. The Aharonov Casher phase acquired when a magnetic dipole encircles electric charges but travels through a charge free region. 3. The He McKellar Wilkens phase acquired when an electric dipole encircles magnetic charges but travels through a charge free region. We review the conditions under which these phases are indeed topological and their experimental realisation. Because the He McKellar Wilkens phase has been recently observed we pay particular attention to how the basic concept of "an electric dipole encircles magnetic charges" was realised experimentally, and discuss possible future experimental realisations.