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arXiv:1310.0964 · Physical Review A

Quantum correlations in the one-dimensional driven dissipative XY model

Chaitanya Joshi, Felix Nissen, Jonathan Keeling

Published Dec 20, 2013• 65 citations
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Abstract

We study the nonequilibrium steady state (NESS) of a driven dissipative one-dimensional system near a critical point, and explore how the quantum correlations compare to the known critical behavior in the ground state. The model we study corresponds to a cavity array driven parametrically at a two photon resonance, equivalent in a rotating frame to a transverse field anisotropic $XY$ model [C.-E. Bardyn and A. Imamo\ifmmode \breve{g}\else \u{g}\fi{}lu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 253606 (2012)]. Depending on the sign of transverse field, the steady state of the open system can be either related to the ground state or to the maximum energy state. In both cases, many properties of the entanglement are similar to the ground state, although no critical behavior occurs. As one varies from the Ising limit to the isotropic $XY$ limit, entanglement range grows. The isotropic limit of the NESS is, however, singular, with simultaneously diverging range and vanishing magnitude of entanglement. This singular limiting behavior is quite distinct from the ground state behavior; it can, however, be understood analytically within spin-wave theory.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.88.063835

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We study the nonequilibrium steady state (NESS) of a driven dissipative one-dimensional system near a critical point, and explore how the quantum correlations compare to the known critical behavior in the ground state. The model we study corresponds to a cavity array driven parametrically at a two photon resonance, equivalent in a rotating frame to a transverse field anisotropic XYXYXY model [C.-E. Bardyn and A. Imamo\ifmmode \breve{g}\else \u{g}\fi{}lu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 253606 (2012)]. Depending on the sign of transverse field, the steady state of the open system can be either related to the ground state or to the maximum energy state. In both cases, many properties of the entanglement are similar to the ground state, although no critical behavior occurs. As one varies from the Ising limit to the isotropic XYXYXY limit, entanglement range grows. The isotropic limit of the NESS is, however, singular, with simultaneously diverging range and vanishing magnitude of entanglement. This singular limiting behavior is quite distinct from the ground state behavior; it can, however, be understood analytically within spin-wave theory.
Nonequilibrium properties of correlated quantum matter are being intensively investigated because of the rich interplay between external driving and the many-body correlations. Of particular interest is the nonequilibrium behavior near a quantum critical point (QCP), where the system is delicately balanced between different ground states. We present both an analytical calculation of the nonequilibrium steady-state current in a critical system and experimental results to which the theory is compared. The system is a quantum dot coupled to resistive leads: a spinless resonant level interacting with an ohmic dissipative environment. A two channel Kondo-like QCP occurs when the level is on resonance and symmetrically coupled to the leads, conditions achieved by fine-tuning using electrostatic gates. We calculate and measure the nonlinear current as a function of bias (III-VVV curve) at the critical values of the gate voltages corresponding to the QCP. The quantitative agreement between the experimental data and the theory, with no fitting parameter, is excellent. As our system is fully accessible to both theory and experiment, it provides an ideal setting for addressing nonequilibrium phenomena in correlated quantum matter.
We study an array of coupled optical cavities in the presence of two-photon driving and dissipation. The system displays a critical behavior similar to that of a quantum Ising model at finite temperature. Using the corner-space renormalization method, we compute the steady-state properties of finite lattices of varying size, both in one and two dimensions. From a finite-size scaling of the average of the photon number parity, we highlight the emergence of a critical point in regimes of small dissipations, belonging to the quantum Ising universality class. For increasing photon loss rates, a departure from this universal behavior signals the onset of a quantum critical regime, where classical fluctuations induced by losses compete with long-range quantum correlations.
The quantum phase transition of the Dicke model has been observed recently in a system formed by motional excitations of a laser-driven Bose-Einstein condensate coupled to an optical cavity [Baumann et al., Nature (London) 464, 1301 (2010)]. The cavity-based system is intrinsically open: photons leak out of the cavity where they are detected. Even at zero temperature, the continuous weak measurement of the photon number leads to an irreversible dynamics toward a steady state. In the framework of a generalized Bogoliubov theory, we show that the steady state exhibits a dynamical quantum phase transition. We find that the critical point and the mean field are only slightly modified with respect to the phase transition in the ground state. However, the critical exponents of the singular quantum correlations are significantly different in the two cases. There is also a drastic modification of the atom-field entanglement, since the divergence of the logarithmic negativity of the ground state at the critical point is suppressed and a finite entanglement is found in the steady state.
Non-classical correlations arise in various quantum mechanical systems. Characterization and quantification of these correlations is an important and active branch of research in the field of quantum information theory. Investigation of non-classical correlations in condensed matter systems gives important insights about the characteristics of these systems. In particular, systems possessing a quantum critical point in their phase diagrams have attracted much attention due to the peculiar behavior of correlations near these points. In this thesis, we have investigated two distinct quantum spin models from the perspective of correlations and, we have discussed the correlation content of an important subclass of bipartite states. We start by an analytical calculation of the quantum discord for a system composed of spin-j and spin-1/2 subsystems possessing rotational symmetry. We have compared our results with the quantum discord of states having similar symmetries and seen that in rotationally invariant states the amount of quantum discord is much higher. Moreover, using the well known entanglement properties of these states, we have compared their quantum discord with entanglement and seen that quantum discord is higher than the entanglement. Next, we have investigated the thermal quantum correlations and entanglement in spin-1 Bose-Hubbard model with two and three particles. We have demonstrated that the energy level crossings in the ground state of the system are signalled by both the behavior of thermal quantum correlations and entanglement. Finally, we have investigated various thermal quantum and total correlations in the anisotropic XY spin-chain with transverse magnetic field. We have shown that the ability of the considered measures to estimate the critical points of this system at finite temperature strongly depends on the anisotropy parameter of the Hamiltonian. Furthermore, we have studied the effect of temperature on long-range correlations of the XY chain.
We obtain the steady-state phase diagram of a transverse-field XY spin chain coupled at its ends to magnetic reservoirs held at different magnetic potentials. In the long-time limit, the magnetization bias across the system generates a current-carrying nonequilibrium steady state. We characterize the different nonequilibrium phases as functions of the chain's parameters and magnetic potentials, in terms of their correlation functions and entanglement content. The mixed-order transition, previously observed for the case of a transverse-field Ising chain, is established to emerge as a generic feature of a wider class of out-of-equilibrium problems. The critical exponents associated with this universality class are determined analytically. Results are also contrasted with those obtained in the limit of Markovian reservoirs. Our findings should prove helpful in establishing the properties of nonequilibrium phases and phase transitions of extended open quantum systems.
We study the nonequilibrium steady-state of interacting photons in cavity arrays as described by the driven-dissipative Bose–Hubbard and spin-1/2 XY model. For this purpose, we develop a self-consistent expansion in the inverse coordination number of the array ( ) to solve the Lindblad master equation of these systems beyond the mean-field approximation. Our formalism is compared and benchmarked with exact numerical methods for small systems based on an exact diagonalization of the Liouvillian and a recently developed corner-space renormalization technique. We then apply this method to obtain insights beyond mean-field in two particular settings: (i) we show that the gas–liquid transition in the driven-dissipative Bose–Hubbard model is characterized by large density fluctuations and bunched photon statistics. (ii) We study the antibunching–bunching transition of the nearest-neighbor correlator in the driven-dissipative spin-1/2 XY model and provide a simple explanation of this phenomenon.