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arXiv:1308.3878 · Physical Review Letters

Identifying Non-Abelian Topological Order through Minimal Entangled States

W. Zhu, Shou-Shu Gong, F. D. M. Haldane, D. N. Sheng

Published Mar 4, 2014• 28 citations
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Abstract

The topological order is encoded in the pattern of long-range quantum entanglements, which cannot be measured by any local observable. Here we perform an exact diagonalization study to establish the non-Abelian topological order for topological band models through entanglement entropy measurement. We focus on the quasiparticle statistics of the non-Abelian Moore-Read and Read-Rezayi states on the lattice models with bosonic particles. We identify multiple independent minimal entangled states (MESs) in the ground state manifold on a torus. The extracted modular S matrix from MESs faithfully demonstrates the Ising anyon or Fibonacci quasiparticle statistics, including the quasiparticle quantum dimensions and the fusion rules for such systems. These findings unambiguously demonstrate the topological nature of the quantum states for these flatband models without using the knowledge of model wave functions.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.112.096803

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The topological order is encoded in the pattern of long-range quantum entanglements, which cannot be measured by any local observable. Here we perform an exact diagonalization study to establish the non-Abelian topological order for topological band models through entanglement entropy measurement. We focus on the quasiparticle statistics of the non-Abelian Moore-Read and Read-Rezayi states on the lattice models with bosonic particles. We identify multiple independent minimal entangled states (MESs) in the ground state manifold on a torus. The extracted modular S matrix from MESs faithfully demonstrates the Ising anyon or Fibonacci quasiparticle statistics, including the quasiparticle quantum dimensions and the fusion rules for such systems. These findings unambiguously demonstrate the topological nature of the quantum states for these flatband models without using the knowledge of model wave functions.
The non-Abelian topological order has attracted a lot of attention for its fundamental importance and exciting prospect of topological quantum computation. However, explicit demonstration or identification of the non-Abelian states and the associated statistics in a microscopic model is very challenging. Here, based on a density-matrix renormalization-group calculation, we provide a complete characterization of the universal properties of the bosonic Moore-Read state on a Haldane honeycomb lattice model at filling number $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ for larger systems, including both the edge spectrum and the bulk anyonic quasiparticle (QP) statistics. We first demonstrate that there are three degenerating ground states for each of which there is a definite anyonic flux threading through the cylinder. We identify the nontrivial countings for the entanglement spectrum in accordance with the corresponding conformal field theory. Through simulating a flux-inserting experiment, it is found that two of the Abelian ground states can be adiabatically connected, whereas the ground state in the Ising anyon sector evolves back to itself, which reveals the fusion rules between different QPs in real space. Furthermore, we calculate the modular matrices S\mathcal{S}S and U\mathcal{U}U, which contain all the information for the anyonic QPs, such as quantum dimensions, fusion rule, and topological spins.
We perform an exact diagonalization study of the topological order in topological flat band models through calculating entanglement entropy and spectra of low-energy states. We identify multiple independent minimal entangled states, which form a set of orthogonal basis states for the ground-state manifold. We extract the modular transformation matrices S\mathcal{S}S (U\mathcal{U}U) which contain the information of mutual (self) statistics, quantum dimensions, and the fusion rule of quasiparticles. Moreover, we demonstrate that these matrices are robust and universal in the whole topological phase against different perturbations until the quantum phase transition takes place.
Recently, it was argued that the braiding and statistics of anyons in a two-dimensional topological phase can be extracted by studying the quantum entanglement of the degenerate ground states on the torus. This construction either required a lattice symmetry (such as $\ensuremath{\pi}/2$ rotation) or tacitly assumed that the minimum entanglement states (MESs) for two different bipartitions can be uniquely assigned quasiparticle labels. Here we describe a procedure to obtain the modular S\mathcal{S}S matrix, which encodes the braiding statistics of anyons, which does not require making any of these assumptions. Our strategy is to coherently compare MESs of three independent entanglement bipartitions of the torus, which leads to a unique modular S\mathcal{S}S. This procedure also puts strong constraints on the modular T\mathcal{T}T and U\mathcal{U}U matrices without requiring any symmetries, and in certain special cases, completely determines it. Our method applies equally to Abelian and non-Abelian topological phases.
Here we show how the Minimally Entangled States (MES) of a 2d system with topological order can be identified using the geometric measure of entanglement. We show this by minimizing this measure for the doubled semion, doubled Fibonacci and toric code models on a torus with non-trivial topological partitions. Our calculations are done either quasi-exactly for small system sizes, or using the tensor network approach in Orús et al (arXiv: 1406.0585 ) for large sizes. As a byproduct of our methods, we see that the minimisation of the geometric entanglement can also determine the number of Abelian quasiparticle excitations in a given model. The results in this paper provide a very efficient and accurate way of extracting the full topological information of a 2d quantum lattice model from the multipartite entanglement structure of its ground states.
Abstract Quantum many-body systems with a non-Abelian topological order can host anyonic quasiparticles. It has been proposed that anyons could be used to encode and manipulate information in a topologically protected manner that is immune to local noise, with quantum gates performed by braiding and fusing anyons. Unfortunately, realizing non-Abelian topologically ordered states is challenging, and it was not until recently that the signatures of non-Abelian statistics were observed through digital quantum simulation approaches. However, not all forms of topological order can be used to realize universal quantum computation. Here we use a superconducting quantum processor to simulate non-Abelian topologically ordered states of the Fibonacci string-net model and demonstrate braidings of Fibonacci anyons featuring universal computational power. We demonstrate the non-trivial topological nature of the quantum states by measuring the topological entanglement entropy. In addition, we create two pairs of Fibonacci anyons and demonstrate their fusion rule and non-Abelian braiding statistics by applying unitary gates on the underlying physical qubits. Our results establish a digital approach to explore non-Abelian topological states and their associated braiding statistics with current noisy intermediate-scale quantum processors.
We use entanglement entropy signatures to establish non-Abelian topological order in projected Chern-insulator wave functions. The simplest instance is obtained by Gutzwiller projecting a filled band with Chern number C=2C=2C=2, whose wave function may also be viewed as the square of the Slater determinant of a band insulator. We demonstrate that this wave function is captured by the SU(2)2\text{SU}{(2)}_{2}SU(2)2​ Chern-Simons theory coupled to fermions. This is established most persuasively by calculating the modular S\mathcal{S}S-matrix from the candidate ground-state wave functions, following a recent entanglement-entropy-based approach. This directly demonstrates the peculiar non-Abelian braiding statistics of Majorana fermion quasiparticles in this state. We also provide microscopic evidence for the field theoretic generalization, that the NNNth power of a Chern number CCC Slater determinant realizes the topological order of the SU(N)C\text{SU}{(N)}_{C}SU(N)C​ Chern-Simons theory coupled to fermions, by studying the SU(2)3\text{SU}{(2)}_{3}SU(2)3​ (Read-Rezayi--type state) and the SU(3)2\text{SU}{(3)}_{2}SU(3)2​ wave functions. An advantage of our projected Chern-insulator wave functions is the relative ease with which physical properties, such as entanglement entropy and modular S\mathcal{S}S-matrix, can be numerically calculated using Monte Carlo techniques.