We study the nonequilibrium steady state of the one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model coupled to Lindblad reservoirs, using the density-matrix renormalization group in operator space. We observe a transition from a flat particle density profile in the noninteracting limit to the linearly increasing profile with onset of the interparticle interaction. Analyzing the effect of coherent pumping on the nonequilibrium steady state, we find a subspace which remains unaffected by the pumping in the noninteracting limit with the protection gradually diminishing due to interparticle interaction. In the equilibrium situation with one or more symmetric reservoirs, we show analytically that the steady state of the system is a product state for any interaction strength. We also provide analytical results in the noninteracting limits, using the method of the third quantization in operator space.
We study the nonequilibrium steady state of the one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model coupled to Lindblad reservoirs, using the density-matrix renormalization group in operator space. We observe a transition from a flat particle density profile in the noninteracting limit to the linearly increasing profile with onset of the interparticle interaction. Analyzing the effect of coherent pumping on the nonequilibrium steady state, we find a subspace which remains unaffected by the pumping in the noninteracting limit with the protection gradually diminishing due to interparticle interaction. In the equilibrium situation with one or more symmetric reservoirs, we show analytically that the steady state of the system is a product state for any interaction strength. We also provide analytical results in the noninteracting limits, using the method of the third quantization in operator space.
We study the driven-dissipative Bose-Hubbard model with an all-to-all hopping term in the system Hamiltonian, while subject to incoherent pumping and decay from the environment. This system is naturally probed in several recent experiments on excitons in WS 2 /WSe 2 moiré systems, as well as quantum simulators. By positing a particular form of coupling to the environment, we derive the Lindblad jump operators and show that, in certain limits, the system admits a closed-form expression for the steady-state density matrix. Away from the exactly solvable regions, the steady state can be obtained numerically for 100s to 1,000s of sites. We study the nonequilibrium phase diagram and phase transitions, which qualitatively matches the equilibrium phase diagram, agreeing with the intuition that increasing the intensity of the light is equivalent to changing the bosonic chemical potential. However, the steady states are far from thermal states, and the nature of the phase transitions is changed.
The Bose-Hubbard model provides a foundational paradigm for exploring quantum phase transitions in many-body systems. This thesis presents a systematic investigation into this model and its extensions, designed to provide a clear path for understanding both the rich underlying physics and the sophisticated numerical methods required for its study. Our approach is sequential: we begin with the standard one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model, introduce complexity via the extended model with long-range interactions, and conclude by analyzing the impact of dissipation in a cavity-coupled open quantum system.To navigate these regimes, we implement and apply a suite of powerful computational techniques, including Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG), finite-temperature Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC), and Mean-Field Theory (MFT). A significant component of this work is the detailed exposition of the implementation and logic of these numerical methods. Through their comparative application, we precisely characterize the equilibrium phase diagrams and benchmark the capabilities of each method. Crucially, our analysis of the open-system dynamics reveals that dissipation replaces the equilibrium phase diagram with one governed by non-equilibrium steady states (NESS), where the system evolves to either a stable solution or a persistent limit cycle.As such, this thesis is intended to serve a dual purpose: it is both a rigorous physical study of quantum phase transitions in a condensed matter system and a selfcontained pedagogical guide for researchers beginning to explore the phenomenology of quantum phase transitions through numerical schemes.
Recent experiments in hybrid-quantum systems facilitate the potential realization of one of the most fundamental interacting Hamiltonian-reservoir systems, namely the single-site Bose-Hubbard model coupled to two reservoirs at different temperatures. Using Redfield equations in a Born-Markov approximation, we compute nonequilibrium average particle number, energy, and currents beyond linear response regime, both time dynamics and steady state, and investigate its dependence on various tunable parameters analytically. We find interesting scaling laws in high-temperature regimes that are independent of choice of bath spectral functions. We also demonstrate that the system shows very interesting particle and energy current rectification properties which can be controlled via the relative strength of interaction and temperatures, as well as via the degree of asymmetry in system-bath coupling. Specifically, we find inversion of direction of energy rectification as a function of the relative strength of the interaction strength and the temperatures. We also show that, in the limit of low-temperature and high interaction strength, our results are consistent with the nonequilibrium spin-Boson model. Our results are experimentally relevant not only to hybrid quantum systems but also in other areas such as molecular junctions.
The driven-dissipative Bose-Hubbard model can be experimentally realized with either negative or positive onsite detunings, inter-site hopping energies, and onsite interaction energies. Here we use one-dimensional matrix product density operators to perform a fully quantum investigation of the dependence of the non-equilibrium steady states of this model on the signs of these parameters. Due to a symmetry in the Lindblad master equation, we find that simultaneously changing the sign of the interaction energies, hopping energies, and chemical potentials leaves the local boson number distribution and inter-site number correlations invariant, and the steady-state complex conjugated. This shows that all driven-dissipative phenomena of interacting bosons described by the Lindblad master equation, such as "fermionization" and "superbunching", can equivalently occur with attractive or repulsive interactions.
We analyze the stationary current of Bose particles across the Bose-Hubbard chain connected to a battery, focusing on the effect of interparticle interactions. It is shown that the current magnitude drastically decreases as the strength of interparticle interactions exceeds the critical value which marks the transition to quantum chaos in the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian. We found that this transition is well reflected in the nonequilibrium many-body density matrix of the system. Namely, the level-spacing distribution for eigenvalues of the density matrix changes from Poisson to Wigner-Dyson distributions. With the further increase of the interaction strength, the Wigner-Dyson spectrum statistics change back to the Poisson statistics which now marks fermionization of the Bose particles. With respect to the stationary current, this leads to the counter-intuitive dependence of the current magnitude on the particle number.
We consider charge and spin transport in the one-dimensional Hubbard model at infinite temperature, half-filling, and zero magnetization. Implementing matrix-product-operator simulations of the nonequilibrium steady states of boundary-driven open Hubbard chains for up to 100 sites we find clear numerical evidence of diffusive transport for weak driving and any (nonzero and finite) value of the interaction U. In addition, nonequilibrium steady states are characterized by nonzero spin-up spin-down density-density correlations. For maximal driving, on the other hand, we find an insulating behavior and cosine-shaped density profiles.