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arXiv:1308.0905 · Optics Express

Shaping the evanescent field of optical nanofibers for cold atom trapping

C. F. Phelan, Tara Hennessy, Thomas Busch

Published Oct 31, 2013• 44 citations
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Abstract

We investigate trapping geometries for cold, neutral atoms that can be created in the evanescent field of a tapered optical fibre by combining the fundamental mode with one of the next lowest possible modes, namely the HE(21) mode. Counter propagating red-detuned HE(21) modes are combined with a blue-detuned HE(11) fundamental mode to form a potential in the shape of four intertwined spirals. By changing the polarization from circular to linear in each of the two counter-propagating HE(21) modes simultaneously the 4-helix configuration can be transformed into a lattice configuration. The modification to the 4-helix configuration due to unwanted excitation of the the TE(01) and TM(01) modes is also discussed.

DOI
10.1364/oe.21.027093

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We investigate trapping geometries for cold, neutral atoms that can be created in the evanescent field of a tapered optical fibre by combining the fundamental mode with one of the next lowest possible modes, namely the HE(21) mode. Counter propagating red-detuned HE(21) modes are combined with a blue-detuned HE(11) fundamental mode to form a potential in the shape of four intertwined spirals. By changing the polarization from circular to linear in each of the two counter-propagating HE(21) modes simultaneously the 4-helix configuration can be transformed into a lattice configuration. The modification to the 4-helix configuration due to unwanted excitation of the the TE(01) and TM(01) modes is also discussed.
We propose an optical dipole trap for cold, neutral atoms based on the electric field produced from the evanescent fields in a hollow, rectangular slot cut through an optical nanofibre. In particular, we discuss the trap performance in relation to laser-cooled rubidium atoms and show that a far off-resonance, blue-detuned field combined with the attractive surface-atom interaction potential from the dielectric material forms a stable trapping configuration. With the addition of a red-detuned field, we demonstrate how three dimensional confinement of the atoms at a distance of 140–200 nm from the fibre surface within the slot can be accomplished. This scheme facilitates optical coupling between the atoms and the nanofibre that could be exploited for quantum communication schemes using ensembles of laser-cooled atoms.
We present and analyse a novel concept for blue-detuned evanescent field surface traps for cold neutral atoms based on two-mode interference in ultrathin optical fibres. When two or more transverse modes with the same frequency co-propagate in the fibre, their different phase velocities cause a stationary interference pattern to establish. Intensity minima of the evanescent field at any distance from the surface can be created and an array of optical microtraps can thus be obtained around the fibre. We discuss three possible combinations of the lowest order modes, yielding traps at 100–200 nm from the fibre surface which, using a few tens of milliwatts of trapping laser power, have a depth of the order of 1 mK for caesium atoms and a trapping lifetime exceeding 100 s. The resulting trapping geometry is of particular interest because atoms in such microtrap arrays will be coupled to any additional field propagating in the fibre via the evanescent field, thereby realizing ensembles of fibre-coupled atoms.
We propose an optical dipole trap for cold neutral atoms based on the electric field produced from the evanescent fields in a hollow rectangular slot cut through an optical nanofibre. In particular, we discuss the trap performance in relation to laser-cooled rubidium atoms and show that a far off-resonance, blue-detuned field combined with the attractive surface-atom interaction potential from the dielectric material forms a stable trapping configuration. With the addition of a red-detuned field, we demonstrate how three dimensional confinement of the atoms at a distance of 140 - 200 nm from the fibre surface within the slot can be accomplished. This scheme facilitates optical coupling between the atoms and the nanofibre that could be exploited for quantum communication schemes using ensembles of laser-cooled atoms.
A tapered optical nanofiber is simultaneously used to trap and optically interface cold atoms through evanescent fields and constitutes a new and well controllable hybrid quantum system. The atoms are trapped in two parallel one dimensional (1D) optical lattices generated by suitable far blue and red detuned evanescent field modes very close to opposite sides of the nanofiber surface. Collective electronic excitations (excitons) of each of the optical lattices are resonantly coupled to the second lattice forming symmetric and antisymmetric common excitons. In contrast to the inverse cube dependence of the individual atomic dipole–dipole interaction, we analytically find an exponentially decaying coupling strength with distance between the lattices. The resulting symmetric (bright) excitons strongly interact with the resonant nanofiber photons to form fiber polaritons, which can be observed through linear optical spectra. For large enough wave vectors, the polariton decay rate to free space is strongly reduced, which should render this system ideal for the realization of long-range quantum communication between atomic ensembles.
We propose a two-color scheme of atom waveguides and one-dimensional (1D) optical lattices using evanescent wave fields of different transverse modes around an optical micro/nano-fiber. The atom guide potential can be produced when the optical fiber carries a red-detuned light with TE01 mode and a blue-detuned light with HE11 mode, and the 1D optical lattice potential can be produced when the red-detuned light is transformed to the superposition of the TE01 mode and HE11 mode. The two trapping potentials can be transformed to each other for accurately controlling mode transformation for the red-detuned light. This might provide a new approach to realize flexible transition between the guiding and trapping states of atoms.
We describe theoretically a setup in which a tapered optical nanofiber is introduced into an optical lattice potential for cold atoms. First, we consider the disturbance to the geometry of the lattice potential due to scattering of the lattice lasers from the dielectric fiber surface and show that the resulting distortion to the lattice can be minimized by placing the fiber at an appropriate position in the lattice. We then calculate the modifications of the local potentials that are achievable by transmitting off-resonant light through the fiber. The availability of such a technique holds the potential to deterministically create and address small well-defined samples of atoms in the evanescent field of the tapered nanofiber.