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arXiv:1308.0289 · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields

Are entangled particles connected by wormholes? Evidence for the ER=EPR conjecture from entropy inequalities

Hrant Gharibyan, Robert F. Penna

Published Mar 3, 2014• 29 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

If spacetime is built out of quantum bits, does the shape of space depend on how the bits are entangled? The $\mathrm{ER}=\mathrm{EPR}$ conjecture relates the entanglement entropy of a collection of black holes to the cross sectional area of Einstein-Rosen (ER) bridges (or wormholes) connecting them. We show that the geometrical entropy of classical ER bridges satisfies the subadditivity, triangle, strong subadditivity, and Cadney-Linden-Winter inequalities. These are nontrivial properties of entanglement entropy, so this is evidence for $\mathrm{ER}=\mathrm{EPR}$. We further show that the entanglement entropy associated with classical ER bridges has nonpositive tripartite information. This is not a property of entanglement entropy, in general. For example, the entangled four qubit pure state $|GH{Z}_{4}⟩=(|0000⟩+|1111⟩)/\sqrt{2}$ has positive tripartite information, so this state cannot be described by a classical ER bridge. Large black holes with massive amounts of entanglement between them can fail to have a classical ER bridge if they are built out of $|GH{Z}_{4}⟩$ states. States with nonpositive tripartite information are called monogamous. We conclude that classical ER bridges require monogamous EPR correlations.

DOI
10.1103/physrevd.89.066001

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If spacetime is built out of quantum bits, does the shape of space depend on how the bits are entangled? The ER=EPR\mathrm{ER}=\mathrm{EPR}ER=EPR conjecture relates the entanglement entropy of a collection of black holes to the cross sectional area of Einstein-Rosen (ER) bridges (or wormholes) connecting them. We show that the geometrical entropy of classical ER bridges satisfies the subadditivity, triangle, strong subadditivity, and Cadney-Linden-Winter inequalities. These are nontrivial properties of entanglement entropy, so this is evidence for ER=EPR\mathrm{ER}=\mathrm{EPR}ER=EPR. We further show that the entanglement entropy associated with classical ER bridges has nonpositive tripartite information. This is not a property of entanglement entropy, in general. For example, the entangled four qubit pure state ∣GHZ4⟩=(∣0000⟩+∣1111⟩)/2|GH{Z}_{4}⟩=(|0000⟩+|1111⟩)/\sqrt{2}∣GHZ4​⟩=(∣0000⟩+∣1111⟩)/2​ has positive tripartite information, so this state cannot be described by a classical ER bridge. Large black holes with massive amounts of entanglement between them can fail to have a classical ER bridge if they are built out of ∣GHZ4⟩|GH{Z}_{4}⟩∣GHZ4​⟩ states. States with nonpositive tripartite information are called monogamous. We conclude that classical ER bridges require monogamous EPR correlations.
An accumulation of theoretical evidence contribute to the picture of gravity as a manifestation of quantum entanglement in a certain many-body quantum system. This is in particular expresses in the ER=EPR conjecture, which relates gravitational Einstein-Rosen (ER) bridge with the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) quantum entangled pairs or, more generally, with the so-called Thermofield Double State. In this letter, the ER=EPR conjecture is employed to introduce unitary quantum teleportation protocol, which \emph{recycles} the entanglement forming traversable generalization of the Einstein-Rosen bridge. In consequence, the wormhole remains unaffected by the quantum teleportation. Furthermore, it is shown that the protocol guarantees the unconditional security of the quantum communication. Performance of the protocol is demonstrated in a simple setting with the use of 5-qubit Santiago IBM quantum computer, giving fidelities above the 2/32/32/3 classical limit for a representative set of teleported states. Security of the protocol has been supported by experimental studies performed with the use of the noisy quantum processor. Possible generalization of the protocol, which may have relevance in the context of macroscopic gravitational configurations, is also considered.
This paper discusses ER = EPR, the hypothesis of Susskind and Maldacena that entangled black holes are connected by an Einstein-Rosen bridge, and that more generally, quantum entanglement is accompanied by topological connectivity. Given a background space and a quantum tensor network, we describe how to construct a new topological space, that welds the network and the background space together. This construction embodies the principle that quantum entanglement and topological connectivity are intimately related.
We construct a class of wormhole geometries supported by the non-local gravitational self-energy that regularizes the particle and black-hole sectors of spacetime. Using this framework, inspired by T-duality, we show that two entangled particles (or particle-black-hole pairs) naturally source an Einstein-Rosen-type geometry in which the required violation of the strong energy condition arises from intrinsic quantum-gravity effects rather than from ad hoc exotic matter, which is matter that violates the null energy condition. We classify the resulting wormholes, analyze their horizons, throat structure and embedding properties, and we identify the exotic energy needed at the minimal surface. Imposing the ER=EPR requirement of non-traversability and the absence of a macroscopic throat, we find that only the zero-throat geometry is compatible with an entanglement-induced Einstein-Rosen bridge, providing a concrete realization of ER=EPR within a fully regular spacetime. Finally, we briefly discuss possible implications for microscopic ER networks from vacuum fluctuations, replica-wormhole interpretations of Hawking radiation, and possible links to entanglement-driven dark-energy scenarios.
[This is a creative exploration of a concept with AI -it should not be taken as correct mathematics.] We present a detailed examination of the conjectured correspondence between Einstein-Rosen (ER) bridges and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entanglement, denoted as ER=EPR. This examination concentrates on the quantitative structures and derivations supporting this correspondence, primarily within the setting of the Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) duality. We analyze the realization of this correspondence in the eternal black hole geometry and its dual Thermofield Double (TFD) state. A complete exposition of the holographic entanglement entropy prescriptions is provided, including the derivation of the Quantum Extremal Surface (QES) prescription via the Lewkowycz-Maldacena argument concerning the gravitational path integral and conical singularities, and the subsequent derivation of the Jafferis-Lewkowycz-Maldacena-Suh (JLMS) relation establishing the equality of bulk and boundary relative entropies. We investigate the relationship between the temporal evolution of the spacetime geometry, characterized by the growth of the Einstein-Rosen bridge, and the evolution of quantum complexity. A complete derivation of the maximal volume growth rate is provided, carefully analyzing the geometry inside the horizon. Furthermore, a complete derivation of the action growth rate, supporting the Complexity=Action conjecture, is provided, clarifying the precise contribution of bulk, boundary, and joint terms in the gravitational action according to the definitions established by Lehner et al. for manifolds with null boundaries. The correspondence is extended to typical entangled states, characterized by Einstein-Rosen caterpillars. We derive the effective Hamiltonian governing the ensemble average of the generating random circuits and establish the quantitative relationship between the geometric length of the wormhole and the measure of quantum randomness (k-designs), utilizing the results of Magán, Sasieta, and Swingle. The role of QES and the derivation of the Page curve via replica wormholes are analyzed, detailing the calculations in Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity theories following Penington et al. Mechanisms for rendering wormholes traversable via boundary interactions (Gao-Jafferis-Wall construction) and operational interpretations based on Local Operationsand Classical Communication protocols are also discussed, emphasizing the quantitative consistency of these interconnected concepts.
The phenomenon of quantum entanglement, famously described by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) as "spooky action at a distance," remains a fundamental mystery of quantum mechanics. In this monograph, we resolve the EPR paradox using Topological Quantum Chromodynamics (Topological QCD). We mathematically prove the ER=EPR conjecture without string theory, demonstrating that entangled particles are physically connected by microscopic Einstein-Rosen bridges formed within the Gravitational Spin Polarization Tensor Πab\Pi_{ab}Πab​. Bell's inequalities are geometrically violated not due to superluminal signaling, but because the topological distance between entangled particles through the spin network is strictly zero. The modified Lichnerowicz identity provides the geometric stability for these macroscopic quantum connections.