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arXiv:1307.7719 · Physical Review B

Susceptibility at the superfluid-insulator transition for one-dimensional disordered bosons

Shankar Iyer, David Pekker, Gil Refael

Published Dec 2, 2013• 3 citations
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Abstract

A pair of recent Monte Carlo studies have reported evidence for and against a crossover from weak- to strong-disorder criticality in the one-dimensional dirty boson problem. The Monte Carlo analyses rely on measurement of two observables: the effective Luttinger parameter ${K}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and the superfluid susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$. The former quantity was previously calculated analytically, using the strong-disorder renormalization group (SDRG), by Altman, Kafri, Polkovnikov, and Refael. Here, we use an extension of the SDRG framework to find a nonuniversal anomalous dimension ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{sd}}$ characterizing the divergence of the susceptibility with system size, $\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{\sim}{L}^{2\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{sd}}}$. We show that ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{sd}}$ obeys the hyperscaling relation ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{sd}}=1/2{K}_{\mathrm{eff}}$. We also identify an important obstacle to measuring this exponent on finite-size systems and comment on the implications for numerics and experiments.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.88.220501

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A pair of recent Monte Carlo studies have reported evidence for and against a crossover from weak- to strong-disorder criticality in the one-dimensional dirty boson problem. The Monte Carlo analyses rely on measurement of two observables: the effective Luttinger parameter Keff{K}_{\mathrm{eff}}Keff​ and the superfluid susceptibility \ensuremathχ\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremathχ. The former quantity was previously calculated analytically, using the strong-disorder renormalization group (SDRG), by Altman, Kafri, Polkovnikov, and Refael. Here, we use an extension of the SDRG framework to find a nonuniversal anomalous dimension \ensuremathηsd{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{sd}}\ensuremathηsd​ characterizing the divergence of the susceptibility with system size, \ensuremathχ\ensuremath∼L2\ensuremath−\ensuremathηsd\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{\sim}{L}^{2\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{sd}}}\ensuremathχ\ensuremath∼L2\ensuremath−\ensuremathηsd​. We show that \ensuremathηsd{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{sd}}\ensuremathηsd​ obeys the hyperscaling relation \ensuremathηsd=1/2Keff{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{sd}}=1/2{K}_{\mathrm{eff}}\ensuremathηsd​=1/2Keff​. We also identify an important obstacle to measuring this exponent on finite-size systems and comment on the implications for numerics and experiments.
We investigate the superfluid-insulator quantum phase transition of one-dimensional bosons with off-diagonal disorder by means of large-scale Monte Carlo simulations. For weak disorder, we find the transition to be in the same universality class as the superfluid-Mott insulator transition of the clean system. The nature of the transition changes for stronger disorder. Beyond a critical disorder strength, we find nonuniversal, disorder-dependent critical behavior. We compare our results to recent perturbative and strong-disorder renormalization group predictions. We also discuss experimental implications as well as extensions of our results to other systems.
We present numerical evidence from Monte Carlo simulations that the superfluid-insulator quantum phase transition of interacting bosons subject to strong disorder in one dimension is controlled by the strong-randomness critical point. At this critical point the distribution of superfluid stiffness over disorder realizations develops a power-law tail reflecting a universal distribution of weak links. The Luttinger parameter on the other hand does not take on a universal value at this critical point, in marked contrast to the known Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless-like superfluid-insulator transition in weakly disordered systems. We develop a finite-size scaling procedure which allows us to directly compare the numerical results from systems of linear size up to 1024 sites with theoretical predictions obtained by Altman et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 150402 (2004)] using a strong disorder renormalization group approach. The data shows good agreement with the scaling expected at the strong-randomness critical point.
We study the superfluid-insulator transition in a one-dimensional system of interacting bosons, modeled as a disordered Josephson array, using a strong-randomness real-space renormalization-group technique. Unlike perturbative methods, this approach does not suffer from run-away flows and allows us to study the complete phase diagram. We show that the superfluid-insulator transition is always Kosterlitz-Thouless like in the way that length and time scales diverge at the critical point. Interestingly however, we find that the transition at strong disorder occurs at a nonuniversal value of the Luttinger parameter, which depends on the disorder strength. This result places the transition in a universality class different from the weak disorder transition first analyzed by Giamarchi and Schulz [Europhys. Lett. 3, 1287 (1987)]. While the details of the disorder potential are unimportant at the critical point, the type of disorder does influence the properties of the insulating phases. We find three classes of insulators which arise for different classes of disorder potential. For disorder only in the charging energies and Josephson coupling constants, at integer filling we find an incompressible but gapless Mott-glass phase. If both integer and half-integer filling factors are allowed then the corresponding phase is a random-singlet insulator, which has a divergent compressibility. Finally in a generic disorder potential the insulator is a Bose glass with a finite compressibility.
In this dissertation, we study the superfluid-insulator quantum phase transition in disordered boson systems. Recently, there has been considerable controversy over the validity of the scaling relations of the superfluid--Bose-glass quantum phase transition in three dimensions. Results from experimental and numerical studies on disordered quantum magnets contradict the scaling relations and the associated conventional scaling hypothesis for the singular part of the free energy. We determine various critical exponents of the superfluid--Bose-glass quantum phase transition in three-dimensional disordered Bose-Hubbard model through extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Our numerical study shows the previous studies on disordered quantum magnets were performed outside the quantum critical region, and our results for the critical exponents are in perfect agreement with previous theoretical predictions. We next move to study theoretically and numerically the superfluid-insulator quantum phase transition in one-dimensional disordered boson systems. While the superfluid-insulator transition in the weak disorder limit is well understood through the perturbative renormalization group study by Giamarchi and Schulz, transitions in the strong disorder regime are beyond the reach of this method. This problem was recently attacked by Altman et al. with the real space renormalization group method. They reached the conclusion that the superfluid-insulator transition in the strong disorder regime can be explained by the Coulomb blockade physics of weak links. However, their method is actually uncontrolled. Taking account of the crucial role of the hydrodynamic renormalization of weak links, finally, Pollet et al. put forward an asymptotically exact renormalization group theory of the superfluid-insulator transition. Based on this theory, we are able to provide an accurate description of the interplay between the well-known Giamarchi-Schulz criticality and the new weak-link criticality. A significant part of the ground-state phase diagram of one-dimensional disordered Bose-Hubbard model at unit filling is also determined numerically. In particular, we established the position of the multicritical point beyond which the new weak-link criticality takes over of the Giamarchi–Schulz criticality.
Using large-scale simulations based on matrix product state and quantum Monte Carlo techniques, we study the superfluid to Bose glass transition for one-dimensional attractive hard-core bosons at zero temperature, across the full regime from weak to strong disorder. As a function of interaction and disorder strength, we identify a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless critical line with two different regimes. At small attraction where critical disorder is weak compared to the bandwidth, the critical Luttinger parameter Kc{K}_{c}Kc​ takes its universal Giamarchi-Schulz value Kc=3/2{K}_{c}=3/2Kc​=3/2. Conversely, a nonuniversal Kc>3/2{K}_{c}>3/2Kc​>3/2 emerges for stronger attraction where weak-link physics is relevant. In this strong-disorder regime, the transition is characterized by self-similar power-law-distributed weak links with a continuously varying characteristic exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}$.
We derive an effective quantum Josephson array model for a weakly interacting one-dimensional condensate that is fragmented into weakly coupled puddles by a disorder potential. The distribution of coupling constants, obtained from first principles, indicates that weakly interacting bosons in a disorder potential undergo a superfluid insulator transition controlled by a strong randomness fixed point [E. Altman et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 150402 (2004)]. We compute renormalization-group flows for concrete realizations of the disorder potential to facilitate finite size scaling of experimental results and allow comparison to the behavior dictated by the strong randomness fixed point. The phase diagram of the system is obtained with corrections to mean-field results.