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arXiv:1307.6782 · Journal of Low Temperature Physics

Relaxation of Bose-Einstein Condensates of Magnons in Magneto-Textural Traps in Superfluid 3He-B

P. J. Heikkinen, S. Autti, V. B. Eltsov, J. J. Hosio, M. Krusius, V. V. Zavjalov

Published Nov 4, 2013• 18 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1007/s10909-013-0946-y

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Long-lived coherent spin precession of 3He-B at low temperatures around 0.2 Tc is a manifestation of Bose-Einstein condensation of spin-wave excitations or magnons in a magnetic trap which is formed by the order-parameter texture and can be manipulated experimentally. When the number of magnons increases, the orbital texture reorients under the influence of the spin-orbit interaction and the profile of the trap gradually changes from harmonic to a square well, with walls almost impenetrable to magnons. This is the first experimental example of Bose condensation in a box. By selective rf pumping the trap can be populated with a ground-state condensate or one at any of the excited energy levels. In the latter case the ground state is simultaneously populated by relaxation from the exited level, forming a system of two coexisting condensates.
In this thesis we study Bose-Einstein condensates of trapped magnon quasiparticles in superfluid 3He-B. These condensates form in the trap provided by the order-parameter texture and applied magnetic field profile. We provide numerical description of two properties of the condensates, both observed in experiments: One of these properties is the ability to interact with the trapping potential, which draws an analogy to Q-balls of high energy physics. The other is an extra relaxation mechanism owing to interaction with vortices of broken symmetry. We construct a three-dimensional model of magnon Q-balls. The spatial variation of the order parameter in equilibrium is solved in a quasi-three-dimensional model by minimizing the total free energy. Eigenstates of the resulting potential found by solution of the Schr odinger equation in three dimensions. We discuss the formation and properties of Q-balls of magnons, which are "true" Q-balls in the sense that the trapping potential is forced to follow the movement of the magnon condensate. In high energy physics Q-balls are non-topological solitons that are stable owing to the charge conservation. In the case of magnon BECs the approximately conserved magnon number represents the Q-ball charge. We calculate the NMR signal using a realistic model of the measurement circuit, and show that in the case of the magnon Q-ball the signal is not generally proportional to the transverse magnetization when the condensate moves in space. The calibration of experimental signal amplitude is further used in the description of rocking oscillations of the broken-symmetry vortex cores and related dissipation of the magnon condensate. These oscillations are driven by the precessing magnetization of the magnon condensate.
The Spin Supercurrent and Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons, similar to an atomic BEC, was observed in 1984 in superfluid 3He-B. The same phenomena should exist in solid magnetic systems. We describe here the first observation of magnon BEC in solid easy plain antiferromagnets CsMnF3 and MnCO3. We have observed magnon BEC on a mode of coupled Nuclear-Electron precession. The dynamical properties of this mode have many similarities with NMR of superfluid 3He-A. The frequency changes with deflection of nuclear magnetization. Furthermore, the involvement of electron ordered subsystem gives the magnon-magnon interaction, spin waves and spin supercurrent, while the nuclear subsystem gives the relatively long time of relaxation.