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arXiv:1307.4153 · Physical Review A

Exploring vortex dynamics in the presence of dissipation: Analytical and numerical results

D. Yan, R. Carretero-González, D. J. Frantzeskakis, P. G. Kevrekidis, Nick P. Proukakis, Daniel P. Spirn

Published Apr 21, 2014• 34 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this paper, we examine the dynamical properties of vortices in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates in the presence of phenomenological dissipation, used as a basic model for the effect of finite temperatures. In the context of this so-called dissipative Gross-Pitaevskii model, we derive analytical results for the motion of single vortices and, importantly, for vortex dipoles, which have become very relevant experimentally. Our analytical results are shown to compare favorably to the full numerical solution of the dissipative Gross-Pitaevskii equation where appropriate. We also present results on the stability of vortices and vortex dipoles, revealing good agreement between numerical and analytical results for the internal excitation eigenfrequencies, which extends even beyond the regime of validity of this equation for cold atoms.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.89.043613

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In this paper, we examine the dynamical properties of vortices in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates in the presence of phenomenological dissipation, used as a basic model for the effect of finite temperatures. In the context of this so-called dissipative Gross-Pitaevskii model, we derive analytical results for the motion of single vortices and, importantly, for vortex dipoles, which have become very relevant experimentally. Our analytical results are shown to compare favorably to the full numerical solution of the dissipative Gross-Pitaevskii equation where appropriate. We also present results on the stability of vortices and vortex dipoles, revealing good agreement between numerical and analytical results for the internal excitation eigenfrequencies, which extends even beyond the regime of validity of this equation for cold atoms.
We study the dynamics of a single and a corotating vortex pair in a dipolar Bose–Einstein condensate in the framework of a dissipative Gross–Pitaevskii equation. This simple model enables us to simulate the effect of finite temperature on the vortex dynamics. We study the effect of dipolar interactions on the dynamics of a single vortex in the presence of phenomenological dissipation. In the case of a corotating vortex pair, initial asymmetry in the locations of the vortices can lead to different decay rates for the constituent vortices, as is the case for the condensates interacting via pure contact interactions. We observe that the anisotropic interaction between the component vortices manifests itself as the perceptible difference in the trajectories traversed by the vortices in the condensate at finite temperatures.
Numerical simulations of vortex motion in a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate were performed by solving the two-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation in the presence of a simple phenomenological model of interaction between the condensate and the finite temperature thermal cloud. The log (base e) of total energy, trap energy, quantum energy, kinetic energy, internal energy and z-component of the angular momentum vs time were compared with f(x)=a+bx for that time when the vortices come in in the condensate. The increasing/decay rate of these energies and L_{z} were studied as a function of dissipation.
We study the stability of vortices in a binary system of Bose-Einstein condensat es, with their wave functions modeled by a set of coupled, time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equations. Beginning with an effective two-dimensional system, we identify miscible and immiscible regimes characterized by the inter- and intra-atomic interactions and the initial configuration of the system. We then consider a binary system of Bose-Einstein condensates placed in a rotating harmonic trap and study the single united vortex state in this system. We derive an approximate form for the energy of a single united vortex in the binary system and the critical angular velocity for the global stability of a vortex at the center of the trap. We also compute the metastability onset angular velocity for the local stability of a vortex at the center of the trap. Numerical solutions to the Gross-Pitaevskii equations support these expressions. These rotational results inform us of a novel bimodal formation within the miscible regime of the binary condensate system. We thus demonstrate the nontrivial aspects of vortex stability in interacting binary Bose-Einstein condensates as a result of their nonlinear interactions.
The aim of this paper is to derive the equations of motion of quantum vortices in a weakly non-ideal Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) at finite temperatures and in the presence of macroscopic superfluid and normal velocities. The motivation for this work is that the dynamics of quantum vortices in superfluid helium has been studied at the phenomenological level, and a number of issues require clarification, which can be addressed by studying the corresponding problem in BEC. In BEC, quantum vortices are located at points where the macroscopic wave function (MWF) ψ(r,T), which describes the BEC dynamics, vanishes ψ(r,T)=0. The intersection of the surfaces Reψ(r,T)=0 and Imψ(r,T)=0 forms a one-dimensional line, which is just the quantum vortex line. During the evolution of the MWF, the position of the zero surfaces changes, that is, the vortex lines move. Conversely, the motion of these vortex filaments determines the evolution of the MWF. Thus, there is a mutual correspondence, and the quantity ψ(r,T) can be considered as a functional of the entire vortex configuration, i.e., {s(ξ,t)}. This viewpoint allows us to derive the equations of motion for vortices from the Gross–Pitaevskii equation (GPE), which describes the dynamics of MWF. The key finding is the confirmation that the equation derived from the fundamental quantum description (the GPE) for a BEC has the same mathematical structure as the equation derived from macroscopic, phenomenological reasoning for superfluid helium.
A dissipative model of vortex motion within a two-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation is studied. With the asymptotic coordination method of solutions, a system of ordinary first-order differential equations describing vortex motion in rotating Bose-Einstein condensate was derived. The model takes into account the effect of various external factors: magnetic trap frequencies, number of particles in the condensate, angular rotational velocity of the condensate, dissipation parameter, etc. In special cases of dissipation-free motion, the results are coordinated with the known results of other authors. The addition of dissipation generalizes the known equations and makes it possible to see the vortex motion to the equilibrium points and to define the equilibrium configurations of any number of vortices. The model is illustrated by a large number of examples.
By numerically solving the Gross–Pitaevskii equation with phenomenological dissipation term, we study the vortex formation properties of a three-dimensional dipolar Bose–Einstein condensate of 164Dy atoms. We studied the influence of the contact interaction between atoms on the formation mechanism of vortices. We also study how the dipole orientation affects the vortex formation properties and the number of vortices. We find that enhancing the interaction of short-range repulsion interaction or dipolar repulsion interaction can shorten the time to form a stable vortex structure and increase the number of vortices.