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arXiv:1307.2026

No causal order and quantum probability assignment

Yeong Deok Han, Taeseung Choi

Published Jul 8, 2013• 0 citations
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Abstract

We have studied how relativistic causality limits on the generalization of quantum probability assignment, which can give more nonlocal (superquantum) correlations than quantum correlations. We have shown that 'no causal order' condition between two spacelike separate events is stronger than no faster-than-light-signaling condition as the requirement of relativistic causality. Using no causal order condition we have proved that Born rule is the only probability assignment to quantum measurement on an arbitrary entangled quantum state described by the Hilbert space language, consistent with relativistic causality. We have also shown that all superquantum correlations, which preserve relativistic causality, can be understood as hypothetical correlations given by applying modified quantum probability assignments to quantum measurements on a Bell state.

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We have studied how relativistic causality limits on the generalization of quantum probability assignment, which can give more nonlocal (superquantum) correlations than quantum correlations. We have shown that 'no causal order' condition between two spacelike separate events is stronger than no faster-than-light-signaling condition as the requirement of relativistic causality. Using no causal order condition we have proved that Born rule is the only probability assignment to quantum measurement on an arbitrary entangled quantum state described by the Hilbert space language, consistent with relativistic causality. We have also shown that all superquantum correlations, which preserve relativistic causality, can be understood as hypothetical correlations given by applying modified quantum probability assignments to quantum measurements on a Bell state.
Quantum theory has nonlocal correlations, which bothered Einstein, but found to satisfy relativistic causality. Correlation for a shared quantum state manifests itself, in the standard quantum framework, by joint probability distributions that can be obtained by applying state reduction and probability assignment that is called Born rule. Quantum correlations, which show nonlocality when the shared state has an entanglement, can be changed if we apply different probability assignment rule. As a result, the amount of nonlocality in quantum correlation will be changed. The issue is whether the change of the rule of quantum probability assignment breaks relativistic causality. We have shown that Born rule on quantum measurement is derived by requiring relativistic causality condition. This shows how the relativistic causality limits the upper bound of quantum nonlocality through quantum probability assignment.
What guarantees the "peaceful coexistence" of quantum nonlocality and special relativity? The tension arises because entanglement leads to locally inexplicable correlations between distant events that have no absolute temporal order in relativistic spacetime. This paper identifies a relativistic consistency condition that is weaker than Bell locality but stronger than the no-signaling condition meant to exclude superluminal communication. While justifications for the no-signaling condition often rely on anthropocentric arguments, relativistic consistency is simply the requirement that joint outcome distributions for spacelike separated measurements (or measurement-like processes) must be independent of their temporal order. This is necessary to obtain consistent statistical predictions across different Lorentz frames. We first consider ideal quantum measurements, derive the relevant consistency condition on the level of probability distributions, and show that it implies no-signaling (but not vice versa). We then extend the results to general quantum operations and derive corresponding operator conditions. This will allow us to clarify the relationships between relativistic consistency, no-signaling, and local commutativity. We argue that relativistic consistency is the basic physical principle that ensures the compatibility of quantum statistics and relativistic spacetime structure, while no-signaling and local commutativity can be justified on this basis.
We have studied the possibility of post-quantum theories more nonlocal than the (standard) quantum theory using the modification of the quantum probability rule under the no-signaling condition. For this purpose we have considered the situation that two spacelike separate parties Alice and Bob share an entangled two qubit system. We have modified the quantum probability rule as small as possible such that the first local measurements are governed by the usual Born rule and the second measurement by the modified quantum probability rule. We have shown that only the maximally entangled states can have higher nonlocality than the quantum upper bound while satisfying the no-signaling condition. This fact could be a partial explanation for why the nonlocality of the quantum theory is limited. As a by-product we have found the systematic way to obtain a variety of nonlocal boxes.
According to the theory of relativity and causality, a special type of correlation beyond quantum mechanics is possible in principle under the name of a non-local box . The concept has been introduced from the principle of non-locality, which satisfies relativistic causality. In this paper, we show that a correlation leading to the non-local box can be derived consistently if we release one of major axioms in quantum mechanics, Born’s rule . This allows us to obtain a theory that in one end of the spectrum agrees with the classical probability and in the other end agrees with the theory of non-local causality. At the same time, we argue that the correlation lies in a space with special mathematical constraints such that a physical realization of the correlation through a probability measure is not possible in one direction of its limit, but is possible in the other limit.
Abstract Quantum mechanics and relativity are two of the most successful theoretical frameworks in modern physics, yet their conceptual foundations remain difficult to reconcile at the deepest level. Quantum theory describes physical systems through states, observables, probabilities, measurement contexts, superposition, entanglement, and nonclassical correlations. Relativity describes physical processes through space-time structure, causal order, invariant physical law, observer-dependent decomposition of time and space, and constraints on signal propagation. This article examines the conceptual relationship between quantum measurement, relativistic causality, and space-time description. The purpose is not to present a mathematical unification but to analyze how the two frameworks organize physical explanation differently and where their interpretive tensions arise. Special attention is given to the measurement problem, the status of quantum states, the role of observers and reference frames, the meaning of locality, the distinction between correlation and causal influence, and the challenge of describing quantum processes without privileging a single global time. The article argues that many apparent conflicts between quantum theory and relativity result from importing classical intuitions into domains where they no longer apply. Quantum entanglement does not permit controllable faster-than-light communication, yet it challenges classical separability. Relativity forbids superluminal signaling, yet it does not require that all physically meaningful correlations be reducible to local classical properties. Measurement introduces another difficulty because standard quantum theory often describes state update in a way that appears instantaneous, while relativistic space-time does not provide a universal present. The discussion develops a conceptual framework in which quantum measurement is treated as a physical interaction, relativistic causality as a constraint on operational influence, and space-time description as an organizing structure for events rather than a simple background stage. This analysis is relevant for quantum field theory, quantum information, relativistic quantum foundations, and future approaches to quantum gravity.