Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1306.0515

Passing through the Firewall

Erik Verlinde, Herman Verlinde

Published Jun 3, 2013• 50 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We propose that black hole information is encoded in non-local correlations between microscopic interior and exterior degrees of freedom. We give a simple qubit representation of this proposal, and show herein that for every black hole state, the apparent firewall can be removed via a universal, state independent unitary transformation. A central element in our discussion is the distinction between virtual qubits, which are in a specified vacuum state, and real qubits, that carry the free quantum information of the black hole. We outline how our proposal may be realized in AdS/CFT

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1306.0515

Related papers

Black hole firewalls and quantum mechanics *

Gerard ’t Hooft

Abstract Firewalls in black holes are easiest to understand by imposing time reversal invariance, together with a unitary evolution law. The best approach seems to be to split up the time span of a black hole into short periods, during which no firewalls can be detected by any observer. Then, gluing together subsequent time periods, firewalls seem to appear, but they can always be transformed away. At all times we need a Hilbert space of a finite dimension, as long as particles far separated from the black hole are ignored. Our conclusion contradicts other findings, as these assume that information that entered into a black hole, cannot re-emerge. But re-emergence of that information is exactly what our version of firewalls is supposed to ensure. Indeed, the firewall transformation removes the problems caused by entanglement between very early and very late in- and out-particles, in a far from trivial way.

Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical•May 24, 2024•1 citation

Behind the Horizon in AdS/CFT

Erik Verlinde, Herman Verlinde

We extend the recent proposal of Papadodimas and Raju of a CFT construction of operators inside the black hole interior to arbitrary non-maximally mixed states. Our construction builds on the general prescription given in earlier work, based on ideas from quantum error correction. We indicate how the CFT state dependence of the interior modes can be removed by introducing an external system, such as an observer, that is entangled with the CFT.

arXiv:1311.1137•Nov 5, 2013•29 citations

Black Hole Firewalls and Quantum Mechanics

Gerard ’t Hooft

Firewalls in black holes are easiest to understand by imposing time reversal invariance, together with a unitary evolution law. The best approach seems to be to split up the time span of a black hole into short periods, during which no firewalls can be detected by any observer. Then, gluing together subsequent time periods, firewalls seem to appear, but they can always be transformed away. At all times we need a Hilbert space of a finite dimension, as long as particles far separated from the black hole are ignored. Our conclusion contradicts other findings, particularly a recent paper by Strauss and Whiting. Indeed, the firewall transformation removes the entanglement between very early and very late in- and out-particles, in a far-from-trivial way.

arXiv:2401.16890•Jan 30, 2024•0 citations

On black hole interior reconstruction, singularities and the emergence of time

de Boer, Jan, Daniel Louis Jafferis, Lampros Lamprou

We propose a CFT definition of local observables in both the exterior and interior of bulk black holes, whenever such an interior exists. We achieve this by introducing a small microcanonical black hole as a "probe" and using its modular flow to propagate operators from the asymptotic boundary to the interior of other black holes along its worldline, elaborating on the ideas of [2009.04476]. The key conceptual advance is a CFT criterion for selecting states whose modular flow acts as geometric proper time translation in the bulk, which we dub "local equilibrium" states. Our interior reconstruction depends on the choice of code subspace but not on the specific black hole microstate and does not suffer from the "frozen vacuum" problem of other approaches. By virtue of our construction, the question of firewall typicality reduces to a technical problem we articulate and we identify a CFT correlator that is expected to signal the approach to the black hole singularity via a universal divergence. We end with comments on the utility of our framework to the quest for a quantum description of de Sitter cosmologies.

arXiv:2211.16512•Nov 29, 2022•4 citations

Petz Map, Black Hole Interior Reconstruction, and Papadodimas-Raju Proposal

Niloofar Vardian

The black hole information paradox is one of the important questions of physics in the last few decades. We study the reconstruction of the bulk operators in AdS/CFT when the geometry contains a black hole. The black hole exterior can be mapped to the CFT via a very simple Petz map which coincides with the HKLL map reconstruction of the black hole exterior. For the interior modes of the bulk theory, using the definition of the Petz recovery channel in modular theory, we can find the mapping from the black hole interior to the dual boundary theory. In the case of the evaporating black hole, it is expected that the interior modes map to some operators that have support only on the bath system, the cavity that absorbs the Hawking radiation. The most important observation that we have here is that in the case that we have a typical black hole microstate in the bulk, the CFT dual of the interior modes that we can find using the Petz recovery channel are exactly the operators that so-called "mirror operator " in the Papadodimas-Raju proposal. The main idea of the PR proposal is to focus on a code subspace of the CFT theory, which is created by acting with a small algebra on the corresponding pure state and then fnd the CFT description of the interior operator in a state-dependent manner just in the chosen code subs. Therefore, we can interpret Papadodimas- Raju proposal as an example of the Petz map reconstruction. It may help us answer some open questions about their procedure.

Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International)•Jul 10, 2024•0 citations

Paper 1: The Informational Firewall -A Resolution to the Black Hole Information Paradox via Quantum Holographic Memory

Nguyễn Kim Khánh

•Jan 1, 2026•0 citations
We propose that black hole information is encoded in non-local correlations between microscopic interior and exterior degrees of freedom. We give a simple qubit representation of this proposal, and show herein that for every black hole state, the apparent firewall can be removed via a universal, state independent unitary transformation. A central element in our discussion is the distinction between virtual qubits, which are in a specified vacuum state, and real qubits, that carry the free quantum information of the black hole. We outline how our proposal may be realized in AdS/CFT
Abstract Firewalls in black holes are easiest to understand by imposing time reversal invariance, together with a unitary evolution law. The best approach seems to be to split up the time span of a black hole into short periods, during which no firewalls can be detected by any observer. Then, gluing together subsequent time periods, firewalls seem to appear, but they can always be transformed away. At all times we need a Hilbert space of a finite dimension, as long as particles far separated from the black hole are ignored. Our conclusion contradicts other findings, as these assume that information that entered into a black hole, cannot re-emerge. But re-emergence of that information is exactly what our version of firewalls is supposed to ensure. Indeed, the firewall transformation removes the problems caused by entanglement between very early and very late in- and out-particles, in a far from trivial way.
Firewalls in black holes are easiest to understand by imposing time reversal invariance, together with a unitary evolution law. The best approach seems to be to split up the time span of a black hole into short periods, during which no firewalls can be detected by any observer. Then, gluing together subsequent time periods, firewalls seem to appear, but they can always be transformed away. At all times we need a Hilbert space of a finite dimension, as long as particles far separated from the black hole are ignored. Our conclusion contradicts other findings, particularly a recent paper by Strauss and Whiting. Indeed, the firewall transformation removes the entanglement between very early and very late in- and out-particles, in a far-from-trivial way.
We propose a CFT definition of local observables in both the exterior and interior of bulk black holes, whenever such an interior exists. We achieve this by introducing a small microcanonical black hole as a "probe" and using its modular flow to propagate operators from the asymptotic boundary to the interior of other black holes along its worldline, elaborating on the ideas of [2009.04476]. The key conceptual advance is a CFT criterion for selecting states whose modular flow acts as geometric proper time translation in the bulk, which we dub "local equilibrium" states. Our interior reconstruction depends on the choice of code subspace but not on the specific black hole microstate and does not suffer from the "frozen vacuum" problem of other approaches. By virtue of our construction, the question of firewall typicality reduces to a technical problem we articulate and we identify a CFT correlator that is expected to signal the approach to the black hole singularity via a universal divergence. We end with comments on the utility of our framework to the quest for a quantum description of de Sitter cosmologies.
The black hole information paradox is one of the important questions of physics in the last few decades. We study the reconstruction of the bulk operators in AdS/CFT when the geometry contains a black hole. The black hole exterior can be mapped to the CFT via a very simple Petz map which coincides with the HKLL map reconstruction of the black hole exterior. For the interior modes of the bulk theory, using the definition of the Petz recovery channel in modular theory, we can find the mapping from the black hole interior to the dual boundary theory. In the case of the evaporating black hole, it is expected that the interior modes map to some operators that have support only on the bath system, the cavity that absorbs the Hawking radiation. The most important observation that we have here is that in the case that we have a typical black hole microstate in the bulk, the CFT dual of the interior modes that we can find using the Petz recovery channel are exactly the operators that so-called "mirror operator " in the Papadodimas-Raju proposal. The main idea of the PR proposal is to focus on a code subspace of the CFT theory, which is created by acting with a small algebra on the corresponding pure state and then fnd the CFT description of the interior operator in a state-dependent manner just in the chosen code subs. Therefore, we can interpret Papadodimas- Raju proposal as an example of the Petz map reconstruction. It may help us answer some open questions about their procedure.