General Rules for Bosonic Bunching in Multimode Interferometers
Nicolò Spagnolo, Chiara Vitelli, Linda Sansoni, Enrico Maiorino, Paolo Mataloni, Fabio Sciarrino, Daniel J. Brod, Ernesto F. Galvão, Andrea Crespi, Roberta Ramponi, Roberto Osellame
We perform a comprehensive set of experiments that characterize bosonic bunching of up to three photons in interferometers of up to 16 modes. Our experiments verify two rules that govern bosonic bunching. The first rule, obtained recently, predicts the average behavior of the bunching probability and is known as the bosonic birthday paradox. The second rule is new and establishes a n!-factor quantum enhancement for the probability that all n bosons bunch in a single output mode, with respect to the case of distinguishable bosons. In addition to its fundamental importance in phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensation, bosonic bunching can be exploited in applications such as linear optical quantum computing and quantum-enhanced metrology.
We perform a comprehensive set of experiments that characterize bosonic bunching of up to three photons in interferometers of up to 16 modes. Our experiments verify two rules that govern bosonic bunching. The first rule, obtained recently, predicts the average behavior of the bunching probability and is known as the bosonic birthday paradox. The second rule is new and establishes a n!-factor quantum enhancement for the probability that all n bosons bunch in a single output mode, with respect to the case of distinguishable bosons. In addition to its fundamental importance in phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensation, bosonic bunching can be exploited in applications such as linear optical quantum computing and quantum-enhanced metrology.
We perform a comprehensive set of experiments that characterize bosonic bunching of up to 3 photons in interferometers of up to 16 modes. Our experiments verify two rules that govern bosonic bunching. The first rule, obtained recently in [1,2], predicts the average behavior of the bunching probability and is known as the bosonic birthday paradox. The second rule is new, and establishes a n!-factor quantum enhancement for the probability that all n bosons bunch in a single output mode, with respect to the case of distinguishable bosons. Besides its fundamental importance in phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensation, bosonic bunching can be exploited in applications such as linear optical quantum computing and quantum-enhanced metrology.
Anomalous bunching is a paradoxical quantum interferometric phenomenon in which partially distinguishable photons exhibit a higher probability of bunching into two or more modes than fully indistinguishable photons [Nat. Photonics 17, 702 (2023)]. While this effect is directly linked to violations of certain conjectures on matrix permanents, the mechanism underlying the anomaly is not yet fully understood. Here, we show that boson bunching is governed not by internal indistinguishability alone, but by the total indistinguishability of the postselected output state. Total indistinguishability combines the internal degrees of freedom, such as polarization or arrival time, with the spatial degrees of freedom of their wave functions restricted to the measured output modes of the interferometer. This reformulation preserves the expected connection between boson bunching and total indistinguishability, while clarifying how anomalous bunching can arise. It also reveals several additional facets of the same phenomenon, which are captured within a unified framework. In particular, we exhibit situations in which adding an independent source of distinguishability, either internal or spatial, can enhance multimode or even single-mode bunching probabilities, offering new insights into the subtle role of distinguishability in multiphoton interference.
Bosonic bunching is a term used to describe the well-known tendency of bosons to bunch together, and which differentiates their behavior from that of fermions or classical particles. However, in some situations, perfectly indistinguishable bosons may counter-intuitively bunch less than classical, distinguishable particles. Here, we report two such counter-intuitive multiphoton bunching effects observed with three photons in a three-mode balanced photonic Fourier interferometer. In this setting, we show that indistinguishable photons actually minimize the probability of bunching. We also show that any non-trivial value of the three-photon collective photonic phase leads to a decreased probability of all photons ending up in the same mode, even as we increase pairwise indistinguishability. Our experiments feature engineering of partial indistinguishability scenarios using both the time and the polarization photonic degrees of freedom, and a polarization-transparent 8-mode tunable interferometer with a quantum-dot source of single photons. Besides the foundational understanding, the observation of these counter-intuitive phenomena open news perspective in devising more efficient ways of routing photons for advantage in metrology and quantum computation.
The multimode bunching probability is expected to provide a useful criterion for validating boson sampling experiments. Its applicability, however, is challenged by the existence of anomalous bunching, namely paradoxical situations in which partially distinguishable particles exhibit a higher bunching probability in two or more modes than perfectly indistinguishable ones. Using multimode bunching as a reliable criterion of genuine indistinguishability, therefore, requires a clear identification of the interferometric configurations in which anomalous bunching can or cannot occur. In particular, since uncontrolled small time delays between single-photon pulses constitute a common source of mode mismatch in current photonic platforms, it is essential to determine whether the resulting photon distinguishability might lead to anomalous bunching. Here, we first identify a broad class of interferometric configurations in which anomalous bunching is rigorously excluded, thereby establishing regimes where multimode bunching-based validation remains valid. Then, we find that, quite unexpectedly, temporal mode mismatch does not belong to this class. We exhibit a specific interferometric setup in which temporal distinguishability enhances multimode bunching, demonstrating that time delays can induce an anomalous behavior. These results help clarify the conditions under which multimode bunching remains a reliable validation tool.
The conjecture that the multi-mode bunching probability is always maximized by indistinguishable bosons was recently disproven. In light of this development, we analytically investigate conditions under which partially distinguishable bosons can exhibit enhanced multi-mode bunching compared to indistinguishable ones. We establish the frameworks of the first and second quantization formalism as well as the Schur-Weyl formalism to describe the states and the evolution of many-particle systems consisting of partially distinguishable bosons, and derive a general expression for the multi-mode bunching probability. The analysis of a recent counterexample to the generalized bunching conjecture reveals that a specific symmetry between internal states and the single-particle time-evolution operator can lead to higher multi-mode bunching probabilities of partially distinguishable particles as compared to indistinguishable ones. We identify the structural requirements on the internal states and the interferometer necessary to construct such scenarios. Building on the Schur-Weyl formalism, we provide conditions for enhanced bunching probabilities of partially distinguishable particles and introduce a class of unitary transformations that forbid single-mode bunching and may create advantageous settings for lowering the multi-mode bunching probability of indistinguishable particles. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of multi-mode bunching and suggest symmetry-based conditions under which it may be enhanced by partial distinguishability. As such, they offer promising directions for future research toward a systematic theory of bosonic multi-mode bunching.
The commonly assumed straight link between boson bunching and particle indistinguishability in quantum interferometry has recently been challenged [Nat. Photon. 17, 702 (2023)]. Exploiting the connection between quantum optical interferences and matrix permanents, it appeared that bunching effects may arise that exceed the expected limit of fully indistinguishable particles by injecting peculiar polarization states of partially distinguishable photons in some interferometers. Surprisingly, all states giving rise to such an anomalous bunching were found to be far from the state of fully indistinguishable particles, raising the question of whether this intriguing phenomenon might even possibly exist with nearly indistinguishable particles. Here, we answer this question positively by relating it to a mathematical conjecture on matrix permanents dating from 1986, whose physical interpretation had not yet been unveiled. Using a recently found counterexample to this conjecture, we demonstrate that there is an optical interferometer involving 8 photons in 10 modes such that the probability that all photons bunch into two output modes can be enhanced by suitably perturbing the state of all photons having the same polarization. Such a finding reflects still another -- even less expected -- facet of anomalous boson bunching.