Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1304.6106

Equivalence between Gravitational Mass and Energy for a Quantum Body at a Macroscopic Level

A. G. Lebed

Published Apr 22, 2013• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We define passive gravitational mass operator of the simplest composite quantum body - a hydrogen atom - to be proportional to its weight operator in a weak gravitational field. Although it does not commute with energy operator, taken in the absence of the field, the equivalence between the expectation value of passive gravitational mass and energy is shown to survive for stationary quantum states. All the so-called relativistic corrections to electron energy in a hydrogen atom are taken into account in the calculations.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1304.6106

Related papers

Breakdown of the equivalence between gravitational mass and energy for a composite quantum body

A. G. Lebed

The simplest quantum composite body, a hydrogen atom, is considered in the presence of a weak external gravitational field. We define an operator for the passive gravitational mass of the atom in the post-Newtonian approximation of the general relativity and show that it does not commute with its energy operator. Nevertheless, the equivalence between the expectation values of the mass and energy is shown to survive at a macroscopic level for stationary quantum states. Breakdown of the equivalence between passive gravitational mass and energy at a microscopic level for stationary quantum states can be experimentally detected by studying unusual electromagnetic radiation, emitted by the atoms, supported by and moving in the Earth's gravitational field with constant velocity, using spacecraft or satellite.

arXiv:1404.4044•Journal of Physics Conference Series•Mar 11, 2014•7 citations

Is gravitational mass of a composite quantum body equivalent to its energy?

A. G. Lebed

Abstract We define passive gravitational mass operator of a hydrogen atom in the post-Newtonian approximation of general relativity and show that it does not commute with energy operator, taken in the absence of gravitational field. Nevertheless, the equivalence between the expectation values of passive gravitational mass and energy is shown to survive for stationary quantum states. Inequivalence between passive gravitational mass and energy at a macroscopic level results in time dependent oscillations of the expectation values of passive gravitational mass for superpositions of stationary quantum states, where the equivalence restores after averaging over time. Inequivalence between gravitational mass and energy at a microscopic level reveals itself as unusual electromagnetic radiation, emitted by the atoms, supported and moved in the Earth gravitational field with constant velocity using spacecraft or satellite, which can be experimentally measured.

arXiv:1111.5365•Open Physics•Aug 1, 2013•7 citations

Breakdown of the Equivalence between Energy Content and Weight in a Weak Gravitational Field for a Quantum Body

A. G. Lebed

It is shown that weight operator of a composite quantum body in a weak external gravitational field in the post-Newtonian approximation of the General Relativity does not commute with its energy operator, taken in the absence of the field. Nevertheless, the weak equivalence between the expectations values of weight and energy is shown to survive at a macroscopic level for stationary quantum states for the simplest composite quantum body - a hydrogen atom. Breakdown of the weak equivalence between weight and energy at a microscopic level for stationary quantum states can be experimentally detected by studying unusual electromagnetic radiation, emitted by the atoms, supported and moved in the Earth gravitational field with constant velocity, using spacecraft or satellite. For superpositions of stationary quantum states, a breakdown of the above mentioned equivalence at a macroscopic level leads to time dependent oscillations of the expectation values of weight, where the equivalence restores after averaging over time procedure.

arXiv:1205.3134•May 14, 2012•3 citations

Violation of the Einstein’s equivalence principle for a composite quantum body

A. G. Lebed

Recently, we have started to investigate behavior of a composite quantum body in an external gravitational field in the framework of General Relativity [see, for a review, A. G. Lebed, Mod. Phys. Lett. A, {\bf 35}, 2030010 (2020)]. As the simplest example, we have considered a hydrogen atom in a weak gravitational field. Our results are the following. The Einstein's Equivalence Principle survives for the most of macroscopic ensembles of the atoms, containing the stationary quantum states. On the other hand, we have demonstrated that this principle is sometimes broken. In particular, it is broken for the so-called Gravitational demons, which are the coherent macroscopic ensembles of two or more stationary quantum states in the hydrogen atoms. In the above cited paper we have considered the Gedanken experiment, where the gravitational field is suddenly switched on in a free from gravitation space. In the current paper we consider the much more realistic from experimental point of view Gedanken experiment and come to the same conclusion about violations of the Einstein's Equivalence Principle for the Gravitational demons.

arXiv:2310.14411•AIP conference proceedings•Jan 1, 2023•0 citations

Hydrogen-like atom in the Newtonian gravitational field derived from the elastic energy

Noboru Kohiyama

The quantum mass (QM) is expressed using the expectation value of the kinetic energy derived from the Schrödinger equation (SE). The mass‐energy equation (ME) is expressed using the kinetic energy of a body in Newtonian mechanics. The SE is modified using the QM and ME. The Adams‐Williamson equation adeptly characterizes the density distribution within Earth's interior, highlighting the role of pressure in storing elastic energy. This stored energy forms the basis for deriving the Newtonian gravitational field. Intriguingly, the eigenvalue of electron's energy in the hydrogen-like atom derived from the modified SE exhibits variation in response to gravitational field strength.

Physics Essays•Dec 10, 2025•0 citations

Mass-energy equivalence in gravitationally bound quantum states of the neutron

Germain Tobar, Simon A. Haine, Fabio Costa +1 more

The authors study quantum effects resulting from mass-energy equivalence using ultracold neutrons that are confined gravitationally by considering a quantum correction to the neutron's mass due to the neutron spin in the presence of an external magnetic field. The authors show that the neutron's additional weight due to the quantum treatment of mass-energy equivalence will cause a small shift in the neutron's eigenenergies and eigenstates, which could provide signatures in an interferometric experiment.

arXiv:2206.08769•Physical Review A•Nov 1, 2022•5 citations
We define passive gravitational mass operator of the simplest composite quantum body - a hydrogen atom - to be proportional to its weight operator in a weak gravitational field. Although it does not commute with energy operator, taken in the absence of the field, the equivalence between the expectation value of passive gravitational mass and energy is shown to survive for stationary quantum states. All the so-called relativistic corrections to electron energy in a hydrogen atom are taken into account in the calculations.
The simplest quantum composite body, a hydrogen atom, is considered in the presence of a weak external gravitational field. We define an operator for the passive gravitational mass of the atom in the post-Newtonian approximation of the general relativity and show that it does not commute with its energy operator. Nevertheless, the equivalence between the expectation values of the mass and energy is shown to survive at a macroscopic level for stationary quantum states. Breakdown of the equivalence between passive gravitational mass and energy at a microscopic level for stationary quantum states can be experimentally detected by studying unusual electromagnetic radiation, emitted by the atoms, supported by and moving in the Earth's gravitational field with constant velocity, using spacecraft or satellite.
Abstract We define passive gravitational mass operator of a hydrogen atom in the post-Newtonian approximation of general relativity and show that it does not commute with energy operator, taken in the absence of gravitational field. Nevertheless, the equivalence between the expectation values of passive gravitational mass and energy is shown to survive for stationary quantum states. Inequivalence between passive gravitational mass and energy at a macroscopic level results in time dependent oscillations of the expectation values of passive gravitational mass for superpositions of stationary quantum states, where the equivalence restores after averaging over time. Inequivalence between gravitational mass and energy at a microscopic level reveals itself as unusual electromagnetic radiation, emitted by the atoms, supported and moved in the Earth gravitational field with constant velocity using spacecraft or satellite, which can be experimentally measured.
It is shown that weight operator of a composite quantum body in a weak external gravitational field in the post-Newtonian approximation of the General Relativity does not commute with its energy operator, taken in the absence of the field. Nevertheless, the weak equivalence between the expectations values of weight and energy is shown to survive at a macroscopic level for stationary quantum states for the simplest composite quantum body - a hydrogen atom. Breakdown of the weak equivalence between weight and energy at a microscopic level for stationary quantum states can be experimentally detected by studying unusual electromagnetic radiation, emitted by the atoms, supported and moved in the Earth gravitational field with constant velocity, using spacecraft or satellite. For superpositions of stationary quantum states, a breakdown of the above mentioned equivalence at a macroscopic level leads to time dependent oscillations of the expectation values of weight, where the equivalence restores after averaging over time procedure.
Recently, we have started to investigate behavior of a composite quantum body in an external gravitational field in the framework of General Relativity [see, for a review, A. G. Lebed, Mod. Phys. Lett. A, {\bf 35}, 2030010 (2020)]. As the simplest example, we have considered a hydrogen atom in a weak gravitational field. Our results are the following. The Einstein's Equivalence Principle survives for the most of macroscopic ensembles of the atoms, containing the stationary quantum states. On the other hand, we have demonstrated that this principle is sometimes broken. In particular, it is broken for the so-called Gravitational demons, which are the coherent macroscopic ensembles of two or more stationary quantum states in the hydrogen atoms. In the above cited paper we have considered the Gedanken experiment, where the gravitational field is suddenly switched on in a free from gravitation space. In the current paper we consider the much more realistic from experimental point of view Gedanken experiment and come to the same conclusion about violations of the Einstein's Equivalence Principle for the Gravitational demons.
The quantum mass (QM) is expressed using the expectation value of the kinetic energy derived from the Schrödinger equation (SE). The mass‐energy equation (ME) is expressed using the kinetic energy of a body in Newtonian mechanics. The SE is modified using the QM and ME. The Adams‐Williamson equation adeptly characterizes the density distribution within Earth's interior, highlighting the role of pressure in storing elastic energy. This stored energy forms the basis for deriving the Newtonian gravitational field. Intriguingly, the eigenvalue of electron's energy in the hydrogen-like atom derived from the modified SE exhibits variation in response to gravitational field strength.
The authors study quantum effects resulting from mass-energy equivalence using ultracold neutrons that are confined gravitationally by considering a quantum correction to the neutron's mass due to the neutron spin in the presence of an external magnetic field. The authors show that the neutron's additional weight due to the quantum treatment of mass-energy equivalence will cause a small shift in the neutron's eigenenergies and eigenstates, which could provide signatures in an interferometric experiment.