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arXiv:1304.3997 · The Scientific World JOURNAL

A Survey of Quantum Lyapunov Control Methods

Shuang Cong, Fangfang Meng

Published Jan 1, 2013• 32 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The condition of a quantum Lyapunov-based control which can be well used in a closed quantum system is that the method can make the system convergent but not just stable. In the convergence study of the quantum Lyapunov control, two situations are classified: nondegenerate cases and degenerate cases. For these two situations, respectively, in this paper the target state is divided into four categories: the eigenstate, the mixed state which commutes with the internal Hamiltonian, the superposition state, and the mixed state which does not commute with the internal Hamiltonian. For these four categories, the quantum Lyapunov control methods for the closed quantum systems are summarized and analyzed. Particularly, the convergence of the control system to the different target states is reviewed, and how to make the convergence conditions be satisfied is summarized and analyzed.

DOI
10.1155/2013/967529

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The condition of a quantum Lyapunov-based control which can be well used in a closed quantum system is that the method can make the system convergent but not just stable. In the convergence study of the quantum Lyapunov control, two situations are classified: nondegenerate cases and degenerate cases. For these two situations, respectively, in this paper the target state is divided into four categories: the eigenstate, the mixed state which commutes with the internal Hamiltonian, the superposition state, and the mixed state which does not commute with the internal Hamiltonian. For these four categories, the quantum Lyapunov control methods for the closed quantum systems are summarized and analyzed. Particularly, the convergence of the control system to the different target states is reviewed, and how to make the convergence conditions be satisfied is summarized and analyzed.
In closed quantum systems, if controlled systems are not strongly regular or there exists at least one eigenstate that is directly uncoupled to the target state, then such systems control will become degenerate cases. This paper proposes a quantum control method designed by an implicit Lyapunov function to transfer states of the quantum systems in these two degenerate cases, especially the method proposed is suitable for multi-control Hamiltonian systems. The state distance is selected as the Lyapunov function in this paper. Numerical simulation experiments on a 4-level system are done, and the experiment results indicate the effectiveness of the implicit Lyapunov control method proposed for degenerate cases and multi-control Hamiltonians.
We investigate in depth the Lyapunov-based quantum control methods including the relation between the Lyapunov-based control and the optimal control,the Lyapunov function and the performance index,the range of application and the existing problems.Combining our results with intrinsic properties of quantum system,we develop several control schemes with improvements for different objectives such as the regulation of eigenstates,superposition state or mixed state.The design ideas,the physical significance and the range of suitable applications are analyzed.The designs method employing Lyapunov stability theorem in controlling quantum system is systemized.
A Lyapunov-based method is presented for stabilizing and controlling of closed quantum systems. The proposed method is constructed upon a novel quantum Lyapunov function of the system state trajectory tracking error. A positive-definite operator in the Lyapunov function provides additional degrees of freedom for the designer. The stabilization process is analyzed regarding two distinct cases for this operator in terms of its vanishing or non-vanishing commutation with the Hamiltonian operator of the undriven quantum system. To cope with the global phase invariance of quantum states as a result of the quantum projective measurement postulate, equivalence classes of quantum states are defined and used in the proposed Lyapunov-based analysis and design. Results show significant improvement in both the set of stabilizable quantum systems and their invariant sets of state trajectories generated by designed control signals. The proposed method can potentially be applied for high-fidelity quantum control purposes in quantum computing frameworks.
A Lyapunov-based unified control method for closed quantum systems is proposed, which can transfer the state of closed quantum system from any initial state to any desired target state. In particular, the proposed control method can work under the conditions that free Hamiltonian of the non-ideal quantum system is not strongly regular, and (or) the Hamiltonian is not fully connected. The simulation experiments of the state transition control between different states of three, four and five qubit systems are carried out to verify that the proposed control method is suitable for all kinds of non-ideal quantum systems and the advantages of Lyapunov-based unified control method. The design process of the proposed method, the calculation process of each parameter in each experiment and the analysis of each experimental result are given in detail.
Under the ideal conditions that the controlled systems are non-degenerate,transitionally non-degenerate,and fully connected,the stabilization problem of mixed-state quantum systems is studied by using a Lyapunov function with free degrees. Based on the LaSalle's principle,the largest invariant set of the closed-loop systems and the convergent state set associated with any initial state are deduced,and the construction principles of free degrees that ensure the system can be asymptotically stabilized in any equilibrium state contained in the largest invariant set are given. A numerical simulation experiment on a two-level system shows the rationality of the obtained theoretical results.
We present detailed analysis of the convergence properties and effectiveness of Lyapunov control design for bilinear Hamiltonian quantum systems based on the application of LaSalle's invariance principle and stability analysis from dynamical systems and control theory. For a certain class of Hamiltonians, strong convergence results can be obtained for both pure and mixed state systems. The control Hamiltonians for realistic physical systems, however, generally do not fall in this class. It is shown that the effectiveness of Lyapunov control design in this case is significantly diminished.