Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1303.7222 · Physical Review A

Multisetting Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger theorem

Junghee Ryu, Changhyoup Lee, Zhi Yin, Ramij Rahaman, Dimitris G. Angelakis, Jinhyoung Lee, Marek Żukowski

Published Feb 26, 2014• 22 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We present a generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) theorem, which involves more than two local measurement settings for some parties, and cannot be reduced to one with less settings. Our results hold for an odd number of parties. We use a set of observables, which are incompatible but share a common eigenstate, here a GHZ state. Such observables are called concurrent. The idea is illustrated with an example of a three-qutrit system and then generalized to systems of higher dimensions, and more parties. The GHZ paradoxes can lead to, e.g., secret sharing protocols.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.89.024103

Related papers

Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger theorem for N qudits

Junghee Ryu, Changhyoup Lee, Marek Żukowski +1 more

We generalize Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) theorem to an arbitrary number of $D$-dimensional systems. Contrary to conventional approaches using compatible composite observables, we employ incompatible and concurrent observables, whose common eigenstate is still a generalized GHZ state. It is these concurrent observables which enable one to prove a genuinely $N$-partite and $D$-dimensional GHZ theorem. Our principal idea is illustrated for a four-partite system with $D$ which is an arbitrary multiple of 3. By extending to $N$ qudits, we show that GHZ theorem holds as long as $N$ is not divisible by all nonunit divisors of $D$, smaller than $N$.

arXiv:1303.5326•Physical Review A•Oct 2, 2013•24 citations

Multisetting Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger paradoxes

Weidong Tang, Sixia Yu, C. H. Oh

The Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) paradox provides an all-versus-nothing test for the quantum nonlocality. In most of the GHZ paradoxes known so far each observer is allowed to measure only two alternative observables. Here we present a general construction for GHZ paradoxes in which each observer measures more than two observables given that the system is prepared in the $n$-qudit GHZ state. By doing so we are able to construct a multisetting GHZ paradox for the $n$-qubit GHZ state, with $n$ being arbitrary, which is genuine $n$-partite; i.e., no GHZ paradox exists when restricted to a subset of a number of observers for a given set of Mermin observables. Our result fills up the gap of the absence of a genuine GHZ paradox for the GHZ state of an even number of qubits, especially the four-qubit GHZ state as used in GHZ's original proposal.

arXiv:1303.6740•Physical Review A•Jan 25, 2017•12 citations

Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Paradox in Tripartite Systems of Arbitrary Dimension

Jinhyoung Lee, Seung-Woo Lee, M. S. Kim

We present a generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) paradox in a tripartite system with each subsystem of arbitrary even dimension. Contrary to conventional approaches of compatible observables, in order to prove Bell's theorem, we employ concurrent observables, that are mutually incompatible but still have a common eigenstate such that they are involved in elements of physical reality. It is proved that our formulation of the generalized GHZ paradox is genuinely multi-dimensional. The present approach enables a tripartite system to suffice for the truly d-dimensional GHZ paradox, contrary to previous works which require a (d+1)-partite system.

•Aug 11, 2004•0 citations

Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger nonlocality in arbitrary even dimensions

Jinhyoung Lee, Seung-Woo Lee, M. S. Kim

We generalize Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) nonlocality to every even-dimensional and odd-partite system. For the purpose we employ concurrent observables that are incompatible and nevertheless have a common eigenstate. It is remarkable that a tripartite system can exhibit the genuinely high-dimensional GHZ nonlocality.

arXiv:quant-ph/0408072•Physical Review A•Mar 15, 2006•33 citations

Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Paradoxes for Many Qudits

Nicolas J. Cerf, Serge Massar, Stefano Pironio

We construct Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) contradictions for three or more parties sharing an entangled state, the dimension of each subsystem being an even integer d. The simplest example that goes beyond the standard GHZ paradox (three qubits) involves five ququats (d=4). We then examine the criteria that a GHZ paradox must satisfy in order to be genuinely M partite and d dimensional.

arXiv:quant-ph/0107031•Physical Review Letters•Aug 6, 2002•78 citations

Comprehensive proof of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Theorem for the four-qubit system

Tang Li, Zhong, Jie, Ren, Yaofeng +2 more

Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) theorem asserts that there is a set of mutually commuting nonlocal observables with a common eigenstate on which those observables assume values that refute the attempt to assign values only required to have them by the local realism of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR). It is known that for a three-qubit system there is only one form of the GHZ-Mermin-like argument with equivalence up to a local unitary transformation, which is exactly Mermin's version of the GHZ theorem. In this paper, however, for a four-qubit system which was originally studied by GHZ, we show that there are nine distinct forms of the GHZ-Mermin-like argument. The proof is obtained by using some geometric invariants to characterize the sets of mutually commuting nonlocal spin observables on the four-qubit system. It is proved that there are at most nine elements (except for a different sign) in a set of mutually commuting nonlocal spin observables in the four-qubit system, and each GHZ-Mermin-like argument involves a set of at least five mutually commuting four-qubit nonlocal spin observables with a GHZ state as a common eigenstate in GHZ's theorem. Therefore, we present a complete construction of the GHZ theorem for the four-qubit system.

arXiv:quant-ph/0509158•Sep 22, 2005•0 citations
We present a generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) theorem, which involves more than two local measurement settings for some parties, and cannot be reduced to one with less settings. Our results hold for an odd number of parties. We use a set of observables, which are incompatible but share a common eigenstate, here a GHZ state. Such observables are called concurrent. The idea is illustrated with an example of a three-qutrit system and then generalized to systems of higher dimensions, and more parties. The GHZ paradoxes can lead to, e.g., secret sharing protocols.
We generalize Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) theorem to an arbitrary number of DDD-dimensional systems. Contrary to conventional approaches using compatible composite observables, we employ incompatible and concurrent observables, whose common eigenstate is still a generalized GHZ state. It is these concurrent observables which enable one to prove a genuinely NNN-partite and DDD-dimensional GHZ theorem. Our principal idea is illustrated for a four-partite system with DDD which is an arbitrary multiple of 3. By extending to NNN qudits, we show that GHZ theorem holds as long as NNN is not divisible by all nonunit divisors of DDD, smaller than NNN.
The Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) paradox provides an all-versus-nothing test for the quantum nonlocality. In most of the GHZ paradoxes known so far each observer is allowed to measure only two alternative observables. Here we present a general construction for GHZ paradoxes in which each observer measures more than two observables given that the system is prepared in the nnn-qudit GHZ state. By doing so we are able to construct a multisetting GHZ paradox for the nnn-qubit GHZ state, with nnn being arbitrary, which is genuine nnn-partite; i.e., no GHZ paradox exists when restricted to a subset of a number of observers for a given set of Mermin observables. Our result fills up the gap of the absence of a genuine GHZ paradox for the GHZ state of an even number of qubits, especially the four-qubit GHZ state as used in GHZ's original proposal.
We present a generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) paradox in a tripartite system with each subsystem of arbitrary even dimension. Contrary to conventional approaches of compatible observables, in order to prove Bell's theorem, we employ concurrent observables, that are mutually incompatible but still have a common eigenstate such that they are involved in elements of physical reality. It is proved that our formulation of the generalized GHZ paradox is genuinely multi-dimensional. The present approach enables a tripartite system to suffice for the truly d-dimensional GHZ paradox, contrary to previous works which require a (d+1)-partite system.
Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) theorem asserts that there is a set of mutually commuting nonlocal observables with a common eigenstate on which those observables assume values that refute the attempt to assign values only required to have them by the local realism of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR). It is known that for a three-qubit system there is only one form of the GHZ-Mermin-like argument with equivalence up to a local unitary transformation, which is exactly Mermin's version of the GHZ theorem. In this paper, however, for a four-qubit system which was originally studied by GHZ, we show that there are nine distinct forms of the GHZ-Mermin-like argument. The proof is obtained by using some geometric invariants to characterize the sets of mutually commuting nonlocal spin observables on the four-qubit system. It is proved that there are at most nine elements (except for a different sign) in a set of mutually commuting nonlocal spin observables in the four-qubit system, and each GHZ-Mermin-like argument involves a set of at least five mutually commuting four-qubit nonlocal spin observables with a GHZ state as a common eigenstate in GHZ's theorem. Therefore, we present a complete construction of the GHZ theorem for the four-qubit system.