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arXiv:1303.7019 · Journal of the Korean Physical Society

Local geometric phase and quantum-state tomography for a superconducting qubit threaded by a magnetic flux

Kicheon Kang

Published Feb 1, 2014• 0 citations
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Abstract

We investigate the local geometric phase induced by Faraday’s law of induction in a superconducting charge qubit threaded by an Aharonov-Bohm flux. A quantum-state reconstruction scheme, which is based on measurement of three complementary quantities, that is, the extra charge and two local currents, is introduced. We find that, while the variation of the local phase with magnetic field is determined by Faraday’s law, incorporation of the time-reversal symmetry enables complete determination of the local phase. This procedure clearly demonstrates that the local geometric phase is a physical quantity (aside from a global phase factor), in contrast to the standard description of the Aharonov-Bohm effect.

DOI
10.3938/jkps.64.567

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We investigate the local geometric phase induced by Faraday’s law of induction in a superconducting charge qubit threaded by an Aharonov-Bohm flux. A quantum-state reconstruction scheme, which is based on measurement of three complementary quantities, that is, the extra charge and two local currents, is introduced. We find that, while the variation of the local phase with magnetic field is determined by Faraday’s law, incorporation of the time-reversal symmetry enables complete determination of the local phase. This procedure clearly demonstrates that the local geometric phase is a physical quantity (aside from a global phase factor), in contrast to the standard description of the Aharonov-Bohm effect.
We investigate the role of Faraday's law of induction manifested in the quantum state of Aharonov-Bohm (AB) loops. In particular, a flux-switching experiment is proposed for a double-dot AB loop to verify the phase shift induced by Faraday's law. The induced Faraday phase is shown to be geometric and nontopological. This study demonstrates that the relation between the local phases of a ring at different fluxes is not arbitrary but is instead determined by Faraday's inductive law, which is in contrast to the arbitrary local phase of an AB loop for a given flux.
In the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect, a superposed charge acquires a detectable phase by enclosing an infinite solenoid, in a region where the solenoid's electric and magnetic fields are zero. Its generation seems therefore explainable only by the local action of gauge-dependent potentials, not of gauge-independent fields. This was recently challenged by Vaidman, who explained the phase by the solenoid's current interacting with the electron's field (at the solenoid). Still, his model has a residual nonlocality: it does not explain how the phase, generated at the solenoid, is detectable on the charge. In this Letter, we solve this nonlocality explicitly by quantizing the field. We show that the AB phase is mediated locally by the entanglement between the charge and the photons, like all electromagnetic phases. We also predict a gauge-invariant value for the phase difference at each point along the charge's path. We propose a realistic experiment to measure this phase difference locally, by partial quantum state tomography on the charge, without closing the interference loop.
Quantum phenomena related to geometric and topological phases are investigated. The first results presented are theoretical extensions of these phases and related effects. Also experimental proposals to measure some of the described effects are outlined. Thereafter, applications of geometric and topological phases in quantum computation are discussed. The notion of geometric phases is extended to cover mixed states undergoing unitary evolutions in interferometry. A comparison with a previously proposed definition of a mixed state geometric phase is made. In addition, an experimental test distinguishing these two phase concepts is proposed. Furthermore, an interferometry based geometric phase is introduced for systems undergoing evolutions described by completely positive maps. The dynamics of an Aharonov-Bohm system is investigated within the adiabatic approximation. It is shown that the time-reversal symmetry for a semi-fluxon, a particle with an associated magnetic flux which carries half a flux unit, is unexpectedly broken due to the Aharonov-Casher modification in the adiabatic approximation. The Aharonov-Casher Hamiltonian is used to determine the energy quantisation of neutral magnetic dipoles in electric fields. It is shown that for specific electric field configurations, one may acquire energy quantisation similar to the Landau effect for a charged particle in a homogeneous magnetic field. We furthermore show how the geometric phase can be used to implement fault tolerant quantum computations. Such computations are robust to area preserving perturbations from the environment. Topological fault-tolerant quantum computations based on the Aharonov-Casher set up are also investigated.
The authors consider a charged particle confined to a ring encircling a magnetic flux. Supposing that the particle is trapped by a delta-function potential located on the ring, they examine the flux dependence of the energy and the wavefunction of the bound state. This offers a simple explicit model for the Aharonov-Bohm effect on a system localized, but not completely confined, to a simply connected region off a magnetic flux. The result is used to show that Berry's phase for the bound state, when the delta-function potential is slowly transported around the ring, consists not only of the Aharonov-Bohm phase proportional to the flux, but also of an extra term which reflects the incomplete localization of the state; in the limit of strong binding the extra term depends sinusoidally on the flux.
The Aharonov-Bohm effect is a physical phenomenon in which the quantum state of a charged particle acquires a phase shift that is directly proportional to the magnetic flux, ΦΦΦ, due to a (classical) magnetic field, B{\mathbf B}B, which is confined in a spatial region from which the magnetic field cannot escape. Even though the charged particle is not allowed to interact with the magnetic field, it accumulates a phase shift that affects the interference pattern produced. Not surprisingly, this apparent nonlocality is puzzling and counter intuitive. In this work, we provide an explanation that explains the physics underlying this apparent nonlocality. We find that the role of the confined magnetic field is to impart a puncture in the configuration space, R2\mathbb{R}^2R2, of the charge. Therefore, the quantum state corresponding to the charged quantum particle acquires the phase shift due to its response to the modified topology of the configuration space, R2−{0}\mathbb{R}^2-\{0\}R2−{0}, corresponding to the charge.