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arXiv:1303.6950 · Physical Review B

Dynamically corrected gates for an exchange-only qubit

Garrett Hickman, Xin Wang, J. P. Kestner, S. Das Sarma

Published Oct 17, 2013• 38 citations
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Abstract

We provide analytical composite pulse sequences that perform dynamical decoupling concurrently with arbitrary rotations for a qubit coded in the spin state of a triple quantum dot. The sequences are designed to respect realistic experimental constraints such as strictly nonnegative couplings. Logical errors and leakage errors are simultaneously corrected. A short pulse sequence is presented to compensate nuclear noise and a longer sequence is presented to simultaneously compensate nuclear and charge noise. The capability developed in this work provides a clear prescription for combatting the relevant sources of noise that currently hinder exchange-only qubit experiments.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.88.161303

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We provide analytical composite pulse sequences that perform dynamical decoupling concurrently with arbitrary rotations for a qubit coded in the spin state of a triple quantum dot. The sequences are designed to respect realistic experimental constraints such as strictly nonnegative couplings. Logical errors and leakage errors are simultaneously corrected. A short pulse sequence is presented to compensate nuclear noise and a longer sequence is presented to simultaneously compensate nuclear and charge noise. The capability developed in this work provides a clear prescription for combatting the relevant sources of noise that currently hinder exchange-only qubit experiments.
We present composite pulse sequences that perform fault-tolerant two-qubit gate operations on exchange-only quantum-dot spin qubits in various experimentally relevant geometries. We show how to perform dynamically corrected two-qubit gates in exchange-only systems with the leading hyperfine error term canceled. These pulse sequences are constructed to conform to the realistic experimental constraint of strictly non-negative couplings. We establish that our proposed pulse sequences lead to several orders of magnitude improvement in the gate fidelity compared with their uncorrected counterparts. Together with single-qubit dynamically corrected gates, our results enable noise-resistant universal quantum operations with exchange-only qubits.
Dynamical decoupling of spin qubits in silicon can increase fidelity and can be used to extract the frequency spectra of noise processes. We demonstrate a full-permutation dynamical decoupling technique that cyclically exchanges the spins in a triple-quantum-dot qubit. This sequence not only suppresses both low-frequency charge-noise-induced and magnetic-noise-induced errors; it also refocuses leakage errors to first order, which is particularly interesting for encoded exchange-only qubits. For a specific construction, which we call “NZ1y,” the qubit is isolated from error sources to such a degree that we measure a remarkable exchange pulse error of 2.8×10−5 . This sequence maintains a quantum state for roughly 18,000 exchange pulses, extending the qubit coherence from T2∗=2μs to T2=720μs . We experimentally validate an error model that includes 1/f charge noise and 1/f magnetic noise in two ways: by direct exchange-qubit simulation and by integration of the assumed noise spectra with derived filter functions, both of which reproduce the measured error and leakage with respect to a change of the repetition rate. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
We present a comprehensive theoretical treatment of supcode, a method for generating dynamically corrected quantum gate operations, which are immune to random noise in the environment, by using carefully designed sequences of soft pulses. supcode enables dynamical error suppression even when the control field is constrained to be positive and uniaxial, making it particularly suited to counteracting the effects of noise in systems subject to these constraints such as singlet-triplet qubits. We describe and explain in detail how to generate supcode pulse sequences for arbitrary single-qubit gates and provide several explicit examples of sequences that implement commonly used gates, including the single-qubit Clifford gates. We develop sequences for noise-resistant two-qubit gates for two exchange-coupled singlet-triplet qubits by cascading robust single-qubit gates, leading to a 35% reduction in gate time compared to previous works. This cascade approach can be scaled up to produce gates for an arbitrary-length spin qubit array and is thus relevant to scalable quantum computing architectures. To more accurately describe real spin qubit experiments, we show how to design sequences that incorporate additional features and practical constraints such as sample-specific charge noise models and finite pulse rise times. We provide a detailed analysis based on randomized benchmarking to show how supcode gates perform under realistic $1/{f}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ noise and find a strong dependence of gate fidelity on the exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, with best performance for $\ensuremath{\alpha}>1$. Our supcode sequences can therefore be used to implement robust universal quantum computation while accommodating the fundamental constraints and experimental realities of singlet-triplet qubits.
The benefit of exchange-only qubits compared to other spin-qubit types is the universal control using only voltage-controlled exchange interactions between neighboring spins. As a compromise, qubit operations have to be constructed from nonorthogonal rotation axes of the Bloch sphere and result in rather long pulsing sequences. This paper aims to develop a faster implementation of single-qubit gates using simultaneous exchange pulses and manifests their potential for the construction of two-qubit gates. We introduce pulse sequences in which single-qubit gates could be executed faster and show that subsequences on three spins in two-qubit gates could be implemented in fewer steps. Our findings can particularly speed up gate sequences for realistic idle times between sequential pulses and we show that this advantage increases with more interconnectivity of the quantum dots. We further demonstrate how a phase operation can introduce a relative phase between the computational and some of the leakage states, which can be advantageous for the construction of two-qubit gates. In addition to our theoretical analysis, we experimentally demonstrate and characterize a simultaneous exchange implementation of X rotations in a Si Ge quantum dot device and compare to the state of the art with sequential exchange pulses.
In addition to magnetic field and electric charge noise adversely affecting spin-qubit operations, performing single-qubit gates on one of multiple coupled singlet-triplet qubits presents a new challenge: crosstalk, which is inevitable (and must be minimized) in any multiqubit quantum computing architecture. We develop a set of dynamically corrected pulse sequences that are designed to cancel the effects of both types of noise (i.e., field and charge) as well as crosstalk to leading order, and provide parameters for these corrected sequences for all 24 of the single-qubit Clifford gates. We then provide an estimate of the error as a function of the noise and capacitive coupling to compare the fidelity of our corrected gates to their uncorrected versions. Dynamical error correction protocols presented in this work are important for the next generation of singlet-triplet qubit devices where coupling among many qubits will become relevant.
We present a scheme for correcting for crosstalk- and noise-induced errors in exchange-coupled singlet-triplet semiconductor double quantum dot qubits. While exchange coupling allows the coupling strength to be controlled independently of the intraqubit exchange couplings, there is also the problem of leakage, which must be addressed. We show that, if a large magnetic field difference is present between the two qubits, leakage is suppressed. We then develop pulse sequences that correct for crosstalk- and noise-induced errors and present parameters describing them for the 24 Clifford gates. We determine the infidelity for both the uncorrected and corrected gates as a function of the error-inducing terms and show that our corrected pulse sequences reduce the error by several orders of magnitude.