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arXiv:1303.5211 · Condensed Matter Physics

How to solve Fokker-Planck equation treating mixed eigenvalue spectrum?

M. Brics, Kaupuzs, Mahnke

Published Mar 1, 2013• 31 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

An analogy of the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE) with the Schrödinger equation allows us to use quantum mechanics technique to find the analytical solution of the FPE in a number of cases.However, previous studies have been limited to the Schrödinger potential with a discrete eigenvalue spectrum.Here, we will show how this approach can be also applied to a mixed eigenvalue spectrum with bounded and free states.We solve the FPE with boundaries located at x = ±L/2 and take the limit L → ∞, considering the examples with constant Schrödinger potential and with Pöschl-Teller potential.An oversimplified approach was proposed earlier by M.T. Araujo and E. Drigo Filho.A detailed investigation of the two examples shows that the correct solution, obtained in this paper, is consistent with the expected Fokker-Planck dynamics.

DOI
10.5488/cmp.16.13002

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An analogy of the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE) with the Schrödinger equation allows us to use quantum mechanics technique to find the analytical solution of the FPE in a number of cases.However, previous studies have been limited to the Schrödinger potential with a discrete eigenvalue spectrum.Here, we will show how this approach can be also applied to a mixed eigenvalue spectrum with bounded and free states.We solve the FPE with boundaries located at x = ±L/2 and take the limit L → ∞, considering the examples with constant Schrödinger potential and with Pöschl-Teller potential.An oversimplified approach was proposed earlier by M.T. Araujo and E. Drigo Filho.A detailed investigation of the two examples shows that the correct solution, obtained in this paper, is consistent with the expected Fokker-Planck dynamics.
In (1) it is shown how the Schrodinger equation can be “forced” in a sense to follow from the Fokker-Planck classical stochastic equation which contains a classical probability density. Other approaches in the literature which are similar use continuity equations and also a classical density. The key to all of these approaches is to assume, in an ad hoc manner it seems, that classical probability is equivalent to W*(x)W(x) where W(x) is a complex function called the wavefunction. In principle, one may write a density as W*(x)W(x). This is mathematically correct even if, for the sake of argument, it is ad hoc. The problem is that for a constant density (i.e. constant momentum and speed), one does not know if W(x)=exp(ipx) or W(x)=exp(-ipx). We consider here the arguments shown in (1). If a free particle has a density(x)=1/L, it may be associated with W(x) = exp(ipx)/sqrt(L). A free particle density, however, is associated with constant p (momentum) and assumes one knows x(t). If one considers the free particle to be trapped in a one-dimensional box with infinite potential walls, it travels to the right with p and then to the left with -p. The density(x) classically is 1/L, where L is the length of the box. The density is constant in time, but the direction of motion is a function of time. Thus, information is lost considering an equation such as the Fokker-Planck equation which uses a density function which does not track the direction of motion in time. In particular, writing density(x) = W*(x)W(x), which is done in (1) and applying this density to a bound particle in a box with infinite walls leads to an equation linear in W(x). Thus exp(ipx) and exp(-ipx) are both possible solutions if V(x)=0. Given that the conservation type equation obtained from the Fokker-Planck (or continuity) equation is linear in W, exp(ipx)+exp(-ipx) is a solution. Thus there is interference which leads to a density which does not match a constant classical density which should apply to a particle moving to the right and then to the left in a bound state because one assumed a classical picture a priori. Simply suggesting that density classical = W*(x)W(x) mathematically does not mean that the a priori classical picture may be dropped. As a result, we argue that there exists a contradiction in approaches which write classical density as W*(x)W(x) and then obtain the Schrodinger equation. As a remedy, we suggest that W(x) does not follow from a theory of classical density=W*(x)W(x), but vice versa. One needs equation which deal with W(x) a priori, and once it is found, one may create a classical density through W*(x)W(x).
This paper studies a quantum simulation technique for solving the Fokker-Planck equation. Traditional semi-discretization methods often fail to preserve the underlying Hamiltonian dynamics and may even modify the Hamiltonian structure, particularly when incorporating boundary conditions. We address this challenge by employing the Schrodingerization method-it converts any linear partial and ordinary differential equation with non-Hermitian dynamics into systems of Schrodinger-type equations. We explore the application in two distinct forms of the Fokker-Planck equation. For the conservation form, we show that the semi-discretization-based Schrodingerization is preferable, especially when dealing with non-periodic boundary conditions. Additionally, we analyze the Schrodingerization approach for unstable systems that possess positive eigenvalues in the real part of the coefficient matrix or differential operator. Our analysis reveals that the direct use of Schrodingerization has the same effect as a stabilization procedure. For the heat equation form, we propose a quantum simulation procedure based on the time-splitting technique. We discuss the relationship between operator splitting in the Schrodingerization method and its application directly to the original problem, illustrating how the Schrodingerization method accurately reproduces the time-splitting solutions at each step. Furthermore, we explore finite difference discretizations of the heat equation form using shift operators. Utilizing Fourier bases, we diagonalize the shift operators, enabling efficient simulation in the frequency space. Providing additional guidance on implementing the diagonal unitary operators, we conduct a comparative analysis between diagonalizations in the Bell and the Fourier bases, and show that the former generally exhibits greater efficiency than the latter.
Based on the well-known relation between Fokker-Planck equations and Schrödinger equations of quantum mechanics (QM), we propose new deformed Fokker-Planck (FP) equations associated with the Schrödinger equations of “discrete” QM. The latter is a natural discretization of QM and its Schrödinger equations are difference instead of differential equations. Exactly solvable FP equations are obtained corresponding to exactly solvable “discrete”QM, whose eigenfunctions include various deformations of the classical orthogonal polynomials.
This paper studies a quantum simulation technique for solving the Fokker-Planck equation. Traditional semi-discretization methods often fail to preserve the underlying Hamiltonian dynamics and may even modify the Hamiltonian structure, particularly when incorporating boundary conditions. We address this challenge by employing the Schrödingerization method – it converts any linear partial and ordinary differential equation with non-Hermitian dynamics into systems of Schrödinger-type equations. It does so via the so-called warped phase transformation that maps the equation into one higher dimension. We explore the application in two distinct forms of the Fokker-Planck equation. For the conservation form, we show that the semi-discretization-based Schrödingerization is preferable, especially when dealing with non-periodic boundary conditions. Additionally, we analyze the Schrödingerization approach for unstable systems that possess positive eigenvalues in the real part of the coefficient matrix or differential operator. Our analysis reveals that the direct use of Schrödingerization has the same effect as a stabilization procedure. For the heat equation form, we propose a quantum simulation procedure based on the time-splitting technique, and give explicitly its corresponding quantum circuit. We discuss the relationship between operator splitting in the Schrödingerization method and its application directly to the original problem, illustrating how the Schrödingerization method accurately reproduces the time-splitting solutions at each step. Furthermore, we explore finite difference discretizations of the heat equation form using shift operators. Utilizing Fourier bases, we diagonalize the shift operators, enabling efficient simulation in the frequency space. Providing additional guidance on implementing the diagonal unitary operators, we conduct a comparative analysis between diagonalizations in the Bell and the Fourier bases, and show that the former generally exhibits greater efficiency than the latter.
We investigate variational methods for finding approximate solutions to the Fokker - Planck equation, especially in cases lacking detailed balance. These schemes fall into two classes: those in which a Hermitian operator is constructed from the (non-Hermitian) Fokker - Planck operator, and those which are based on soluble approximations to this operator. The various approaches are tested on a simple quantum-mechanical problem, a toy Fokker - Planck equation and finally on the problem of a particle moving in a potential and subject to external non-white noise.