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arXiv:1303.3505 · Physical Review B

Postselected indistinguishable single-photon emission from the Mollow triplet sidebands of a resonantly excited quantum dot

Stefanie Weiler, D. Stojanovic, Sven M. Ulrich, Michael Jetter, Peter Michler

Published Jun 10, 2013• 18 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Applying high-power continuous-wave resonant $s$-shell excitation to a single self-assembled InGaAs quantum dot, we demonstrate the generation of postselected single-indistinguishable photons from the Mollow triplet sidebands. A sophisticated spatial filtering technique based on a double Michelson interferometer enabled us to separate the spectrally close lying individual Mollow components and perform almost background-free two-photon interference measurements. Showing high consistency with the results of an independent determination of the emission coherence of $\ensuremath{\sim}$$250\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30$ ps, our analysis reveals a close to ideal visibility contrast of up to $97%$. Due to their easy spectral tunability and their distinct advantage of cascaded-photon emission between the individual Mollow sidebands, they resemble a versatile tool for quantum information applications.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.87.241302

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Applying high-power continuous-wave resonant sss-shell excitation to a single self-assembled InGaAs quantum dot, we demonstrate the generation of postselected single-indistinguishable photons from the Mollow triplet sidebands. A sophisticated spatial filtering technique based on a double Michelson interferometer enabled us to separate the spectrally close lying individual Mollow components and perform almost background-free two-photon interference measurements. Showing high consistency with the results of an independent determination of the emission coherence of \ensuremath{\sim}$$250\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30 ps, our analysis reveals a close to ideal visibility contrast of up to 9797%97. Due to their easy spectral tunability and their distinct advantage of cascaded-photon emission between the individual Mollow sidebands, they resemble a versatile tool for quantum information applications.
Applying continuous-wave pure resonant s-shell optical excitation of individual quantum dots in a high-quality micropillar cavity, we demonstrate the generation of post-selected indistinguishable photons in resonance fluorescence. Close to ideal visibility contrast of 90% is verified by polarization-dependent Hong-Ou-Mandel two-photon interference measurements. Furthermore, a strictly resonant continuous-wave excitation together with controlling the spontaneous emission lifetime of the single quantum dots via tunable emitter-mode coupling (Purcell) is proven as a versatile scheme to generate close to Fourier transform-limited (T2/(2T1)=0.91) single photons even at 80% of the emission saturation level.
Two experiments observe the so-called Mollow triplet in the emission spectrum of a quantum dot—originating from resonantly driving a dot transition—and demonstrate the potential of these systems to act as single-photon sources, and as a readout modality for electron-spin states. Single-quantum emitters emit only one photon at a time1,2, but the properties of the photon depend on how the emitter is excited3. Incoherent excitation is simple and broadly used with solid-state emitters such as quantum dots, but does not allow direct manipulation of the quantum state. Coherent, resonant excitation on the other hand is used in pump–probe techniques to examine the quantum state of the emitter4, but does not permit collection of the single-photon emission. Coherent control with simultaneous generation of photons has been an elusive goal in solid-state approaches, where, because of strong laser scattering at the detection wavelength, measurement of resonant emission has been limited to cross-polarized detection5 or Stokes-shift techniques6,7. Here we demonstrate that a semiconductor quantum dot in a microcavity can be resonantly driven and its single-photon emission extracted background free. Under strong continuous-wave excitation, the dot undergoes several Rabi oscillations before emitting, which are visible as oscillations in the second-order correlation function. The quantum-dot states are therefore ‘dressed’, resulting in a Mollow-triplet emission spectrum. Such coherent control will be necessary for future high-efficiency sources of indistinguishable single photons3,8, which can be used for quantum key distribution9 or through post-selection10 to generate entangled photon pairs11,12.
This Letter reports all-optically tunable and highly indistinguishable single Raman photons from a driven single quantum dot spin. The frequency, linewidth, and lifetime of the Raman photons are tunable by varying the driving field power and detuning. Under continuous-wave excitation, subnatural linewidth single photons from off-resonant Raman scattering show an indistinguishability of 0.98(3). Under π pulse excitation, spin- and time-tagged Raman fluorescence photons show an almost vanishing multiphoton emission probability of 0.01(2) and a two-photon quantum interference visibility of 0.95(3). Lastly, Hong-Ou-Mandel interference is demonstrated between two single photons emitted from remote, independent quantum dots with an unprecedented visibility of 0.87(4).
Single photons emitted from self-assembled quantum dots have been widely studied to use as a promising qubit for quantum information processing. Therefore, it is critical to fully understand the emission spectra from the quantum dot's excitation if we want to use a single photon as a quantum bit. It is almost impossible to produce rotationally symmetric quantum dots due to various growth conditions and restrictions. So the real quantum dots do not have a perfectly symmetric structure. A broken rotational symmetry causes an asymmetric exchange interaction between electron and hole, leading to a fine structure splitting between two excited states. The energy structure of a neutral InGaAs self-assembled quantum dot can be envisioned as a V-shaped energy diagram. A three-level V-system gives Mollow septuplets or Mollow quintuplets depending upon the frequency of the excitation laser. The main focus of this dissertation is to design a tunable optical filter to explore Mollow septuplets and Mollow quintuplets. A grating spectrometer cannot resolve an emission spectrum of a semiconductor quantum dot (QD) due to its limited resolution. Typical frequency separations between features in the emission spectrum of a typical InGaAs quantum dots are 2-10 GHz, while the best resolution available for a commercial spectrometer is about 9 GHz. The solution is to use a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) as a tunable optical filter. This technique demands precise control of the distance between the two FPI mirrors. One way to control the length of the FPI cavity is to use an optical feedback method to lock the cavity using a costly tunable, stabilized reference laser. Here we adopt an alternative approach that uses an inexpensive, single-frequency laser and spatial interference patterns to lock different interferometer designs. We mechanically connect the FPI cavity to a secondary cavity called a Shearing Interferometer (SI) that is actively stabilized by a simple and inexpensive optical feedback method.
We report on two-photon interference of highly indistinguishable single photons emitted by a quantum dot. Strictly resonant excitation with picosecond laser pulses has been used to prepare coherent states with a significantly increased coherence time $({T}_{2}\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ns})$ and reduced lifetime $({T}_{1}\ensuremath{\sim}650\text{ps})$, as compared to a nonresonant excitation scheme. Indistinguishable photons, with visibilities greater than 70%, have been observed by measuring the Hong-Ou-Mandel dip without postselection of the interfering photons. Near-unity indistinguishable photons should be achievable by preventing fluctuations in the electrostatic environment in the vicinity of the dots, considered as an important source of decoherence.