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arXiv:1303.0614 · Physical Review Letters

Lower Bound on the Speed of Nonlocal Correlations without Locality and Measurement Choice Loopholes

Juan Yin, Yuan Wen Cao, Hai-Lin Yong, Ji-Gang Ren, Hao Liang, Sheng‐Kai Liao, Fei Zhou, Chang Liu, Yu-Ping Wu, Ge-Sheng Pan, Li Li, Nai-Le Liu, Qiang Zhang, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Jian-Wei Pan

Published Jun 26, 2013• 121 citations
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Abstract

In their well-known paper, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen called the nonlocal correlation in quantum entanglement a "spooky action at a distance." If the spooky action does exist, what is its speed? All previous experiments along this direction have locality and freedom-of-choice loopholes. Here, we strictly closed the loopholes by observing a 12 h continuous violation of the Bell inequality and concluded that the lower bound speed of spooky action was 4 orders of magnitude of the speed of light if Earth's speed in any inertial reference frame was less than 10(-3) time the speed of light.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.110.260407

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In their well-known paper, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen called the nonlocal correlation in quantum entanglement a "spooky action at a distance." If the spooky action does exist, what is its speed? All previous experiments along this direction have locality and freedom-of-choice loopholes. Here, we strictly closed the loopholes by observing a 12 h continuous violation of the Bell inequality and concluded that the lower bound speed of spooky action was 4 orders of magnitude of the speed of light if Earth's speed in any inertial reference frame was less than 10(-3) time the speed of light.
In a recent experiment, Salart et al. addressed the important issues of the speed of hypothetical communication and of reference frames in Bell-type experiments. The authors report that they "performed a Bell experiment using entangled photons" and conclude from their experimental results that "to maintain an explanation based on spooky action at a distance we would have to assume that the spooky action propagates at speeds even greater than the bounds obtained in our experiment", exceeding the speed of light by orders of magnitude. Here we show that, analyzing the experimental procedure, explanations with subluminal or even no communication at all exist for the experiment.
The term `spooky action at a distance' was coined by A. Einstein to show inconsistency of quantum mechanics with the principle of locality and reality. However, quantum mechanics is nonlocal and violates Bell's inequality. A quantum state measurement of a particle of an entangled pair collapses the total quantum state and the quantum state of the distant particle is immediately determined without making any interaction with it. The isolated collapsed quantum state of both particles remains unentangled in the future. An inertial frame of reference moving with a relativistic speed perceives these events differently is space and time and their simultaneity is relative. In this paper, it is shown that the quantum state collapse happens not only in the present but it also happens in the past of the collapse event.
The enigmatic nonlocal quantum correlation that was famously derided by Einstein as "spooky action at a distance" has now been experimentally demonstrated to be authentic. The quantum entanglement and nonlocal correlations emerged as inevitable consequences of John Bell's epochal paper on Bell's inequality. However, in spite of some extraordinary applications as well as attempts to explain the reason for quantum nonlocality, a satisfactory account of how Nature accomplishes this astounding phenomenon is yet to emerge. A cogent mechanism for the occurrence of this incredible event is presented in terms of a plausible quantum mechanical Einstein–Rosen bridge. Quanta 2018; 7: 111–117.
The long-standing puzzle of the nonlocal Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations is resolved. The correct quantum mechanical correlations arise for the case of entangled particles when strict locality is assumed for the probability amplitudes instead of locality for probabilities. Locality of amplitudes implies that measurement on one particle does not collapse the companion particle to a definite state. Sixty five years ago, the most significant paper questioning a fundamental aspect of quantum phenomena was written by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) [1]. They addressed the question whether the wave-function represented a complete description of reality in quantum mechanics, and argued that it didn’t. Bohr’s reply to this paper [2] was not sufficient to resolve the fundamental issues raised by EPR. Decades later, Bohm rephrased the EPR problem [3] in terms of particles correlated in their spin and this helped enormously in analyzing the problem with clarity. John Bell analyzed the EPR problem in the early sixties and established the Bell’s inequalities obeyed by
The concept of nonlocality and its role in the violation of Bell's inequalities are discussed.A weaker nonlocality is revealed in comparison with Albert Einstein's ``Spooky Action at a Distance'' and at the same time does not contradict the principles of the special theory of relativity (STR).A correlation statistical experiment with the violation of the Clauser±Horne±Shimony± Holt inequality in STR is described, in which weak nonlocality is manifested.The correlation in such an experiment propagates with infinite speed in the proper frame of reference of the measuring device.