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arXiv:1302.5365 · Journal of Physics Conference Series

Gravity-related wave function collapse: mass density resolution

Lajos Diósi

Published Jun 10, 2013• 22 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Selected issues of the concept of spontaneous collapse are discussed, with the emphasis on the gravity-related model. We point out that without spontaneous collapses the Schrödinger cat states would macroscopically violate the standard conservation laws even in the presence of environmental noise. We prove that the collapse time of condensed matter c.o.m. superpositions is not sensitive to the natural uncertainty of the nuclear locations whereas we formulate the conjecture that superfluid. He may show an anomalous low rate of spontaneous collapse compared to common condensed matter.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/442/1/012001

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Selected issues of the concept of spontaneous collapse are discussed, with the emphasis on the gravity-related model. We point out that without spontaneous collapses the Schrödinger cat states would macroscopically violate the standard conservation laws even in the presence of environmental noise. We prove that the collapse time of condensed matter c.o.m. superpositions is not sensitive to the natural uncertainty of the nuclear locations whereas we formulate the conjecture that superfluid. He may show an anomalous low rate of spontaneous collapse compared to common condensed matter.
Selected issues of the concept of spontaneous collapse are discussed, with the emphasis on the gravity-related model. We point out that without spontaneous collapses the Schrödinger cat states would macroscopically violate the standard conservation laws even in the presence of environmental noise. We prove that the collapse time of condensed matter c.o.m. superpositions is not sensitive to the natural uncertainty of the nuclear locations whereas we formulate the conjecture that superfluid He may show an anomalous low rate of spontaneous collapse compared to common condensed matter. 1.
Based on the assumption that the standard Schrödinger equation becomes gravitationally modified for massive macroscopic objects, two independent proposals have survived from the 1980s. The Schrödinger–Newton equation (1984) provides well-localized solitons for free macro-objects but lacks the mechanism of how extended wave functions collapse on solitons. The gravity-related stochastic Schrödinger equation (1989) provides the spontaneous collapse, but the resulting solitons undergo a tiny diffusion, leading to an inconvenient steady increase in the kinetic energy. We propose the stochastic Schrödinger–Newton equation, which contains the above two gravity-related modifications together. Then, the wave functions of free macroscopic bodies will gradually and stochastically collapse to solitons, which perform inertial motion without momentum diffusion: conservation of momentum and energy is restored.
Spontaneous collapse models have been proposed as a possible realist solution of the quantum measurement problem. They assume that the standard unitary evolution is valid only in the microscopic limit, with stochastic corrections leading to a dynamical reduction of the wave function at macroscopic level. A remarkable feature of collapse models is that, unlike interpretations of quantum mechanics, they predict departures from standard theory that can be experimentally tested. A common prediction is a violation of energy conservation, which manifests as an universal force noise acting on mechanical systems. Here, we will discuss recent bounds on collapse models set by mechanical experiments, focusing on ultracold cantilevers and gravitational wave detectors. First notable results are a partial exclusion of the CSL parameters proposed by Adler and a full exclusion of an early model based on quantum gravity arguments.
I impose the Newtonian criteria of inertial frames on the c.o.m.trajectories of massive objects undergoing spontaneous collapse of their wave function. The corresponding modification of the so far used stochastic Schrödinger equation eliminates the Brownian motion of the c.o.m., and restores the exact inertial motion for free masses. For the collapse of Schrödinger cat states the Born rule is satisfied invariably. The proposed machinery comes from the radical assumption that, in the vicinity of the spontaneously localized mass, the stochastic fluctuations of the c.o.m.—inevitable in the collapse process—would drag the physical inertial frame with themselves. The perspective of a general theory is presented where the spontaneous-collapse-caused breakdown of local energy-momentum conservation could be remedied by altering the metric, resulting in collapse-induced curvature of the space-time. My assumption of frame-drag by quantized masses is independent of the general relativistic frame-drag by classical masses.
There are few proposals, which explicitly allow for (experimentally testable) deviations from standard quantum theory. Collapse models are among the most-widely studied proposals of this kind. The Schrödinger equation is modified by including nonlinear and stochastic terms, which describe the collapse of the wave function in space. These spontaneous collapses are rare for microscopic systems, hence their quantum properties are left almost unaltered. On the other hand, collapses become more and more frequent, the larger the object, to the point that macroscopic superpositions are rapidly suppressed. The main features of collapse models will be reviewed. An update of the most promising experimental tests will be presented.