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arXiv:1301.7242 · Physical Review Letters

Topological Edge States in the One-Dimensional Superlattice Bose-Hubbard Model

Fabian Grusdt, Michael Höning, Michael Fleischhauer

Published Jun 25, 2013• 150 citations
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Abstract

We analyze interacting ultracold bosonic atoms in a one-dimensional superlattice potential with alternating tunneling rates t1 and t2 and inversion symmetry, which is the bosonic analogue of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model. A Z2 topological order parameter is introduced which is quantized for the Mott insulating (MI) phases. Depending on the ratio t1/t2 the n=1/2 MI phase is topologically nontrivial, which results in many-body edge states at open boundaries. In contrast to the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model the bosonic counterpart lacks chiral symmetry and the edge states are no longer midgap. This leads to a generalization of the bulk-edge correspondence, which we discuss in detail. The edge states can be observed in cold atom experiments by creating a step in the effective confining potential, e.g., by a second heavy atom species, which leads to an interface between two MI regions with filling n=1 and n=1/2. The shape and energy of the edge states as well as the conditions for their occupation are determined analytically in the strong coupling limit and in general by density-matrix renormalization group simulations.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.110.260405

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We analyze interacting ultracold bosonic atoms in a one-dimensional superlattice potential with alternating tunneling rates t1 and t2 and inversion symmetry, which is the bosonic analogue of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model. A Z2 topological order parameter is introduced which is quantized for the Mott insulating (MI) phases. Depending on the ratio t1/t2 the n=1/2 MI phase is topologically nontrivial, which results in many-body edge states at open boundaries. In contrast to the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model the bosonic counterpart lacks chiral symmetry and the edge states are no longer midgap. This leads to a generalization of the bulk-edge correspondence, which we discuss in detail. The edge states can be observed in cold atom experiments by creating a step in the effective confining potential, e.g., by a second heavy atom species, which leads to an interface between two MI regions with filling n=1 and n=1/2. The shape and energy of the edge states as well as the conditions for their occupation are determined analytically in the strong coupling limit and in general by density-matrix renormalization group simulations.
We investigate the topological properties of one-dimensional weakly interacting topological insulators using bosonization. To do that we study the topological edge states that emerge at the edges of a model realized by a strong impurity or at the boundary between topologically distinct phases. In the bosonic model, the edge states are manifested as degenerate bosonic kinks at the boundaries. We first illustrate this idea on the example of the interacting Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) chain. We compute the localization length of the edge states as the width of an edge soliton that occurs in the SSH model in the presence of a strong impurity. Next, we examine models of two capacitively coupled SSH chains that can be either identical or in distinct topological phases. We find that weak Hubbard interaction reduces the ground-state degeneracy in the topological phase of identical chains. We then prove that, similarly to the noninteracting model, the degeneracy of the edge states in the interacting case is protected by chiral symmetry. We then study topological insulators built from two SSH chains with interchain hopping that represent models of different chiral symmetric universality classes. We demonstrate in bosonic language that the topological index of a weakly coupled model is determined by the type of interchain coupling, invariant under one of two possible chiral symmetry operators. Finally, we show that a general one-dimensional model in a phase with topological index $\ensuremath{\nu}$ is equivalent at low energies to a theory of at least $\ensuremath{\nu}$ SSH chains. We illustrate this idea on the example of an SSH model with longer-range hopping.
We study topological properties of the Bose-Hubbard model with repulsive interactions in a one-dimensional optical superlattice. We find that the Mott insulator states of the single-component (two-component) Bose-Hubbard model under fractional fillings are topological insulators characterized by a nonzero charge (or spin) Chern number with nontrivial edge states. For ultracold atomic experiments, we show that the topological Chern number can be detected through measuring the density profiles of the bosonic atoms in a harmonic trap.
We study the topological properties of an extended Bose-Hubbard model with cyclically modulated hopping and on-site potential parameters, which can be realized with ultracold bosonic atoms in a one-dimensional optical superlattice. We show that the interacting bosonic chain at half filling and in the deep Mott insulating regime can simulate bosonic Chern insulators with a topological phase diagram similar to that of the Haldane model of noninteracting fermions. Furthermore, we explore the topological properties of the ground state by calculating the many-body Chern number, the quasiparticle energy spectrum with gapless edge modes, the topological pumping of the interacting bosons, and the topological phase transition from normal (trivial) to topological Mott insulators. We also present the global phase diagram of the many-body ground state, which contains a superfluid phase and two Mott insulating phases with trivial (a zero Chern number) and nontrivial topologies (a nonzero Chern number), respectively.
We study the topological properties of Bose-Mott insulators in one-dimensional non-Hermitian superlattices, which may serve as effective Hamiltonians for cold atomic optical systems with either two-body loss or one-body loss. We find that in the strongly repulsive limit, the Mott insulator states of the Bose-Hubbard model with a finite two-body loss under integer fillings are topological insulators characterized by a finite charge gap, nonzero integer Chern numbers, and nontrivial edge modes in a low-energy excitation spectrum under an open boundary condition. The two-body loss suppressed by the strong repulsion results in a stable topological Bose-Mott insulator which has features similar to the Hermitian case. However, for the non-Hermitian model related to the one-body loss, we find the non-Hermitian topological Mott insulators are unstable with a finite imaginary excitation gap. Finally, we also discuss the stability of the Mott phase in the presence of two-body loss by solving the Lindblad master equation.
We analyze various quantum phases of ultracold bosonic atoms in a periodic one-dimensional optical superlattice. Our studies have been performed using the finite-size density-matrix renormalization group method in the framework of the Bose-Hubbard model. Calculations have been carried out for a wide range of densities and the energy shifts due to the superlattice potential. At commensurate fillings, we find the Mott insulator and the superfluid phases as well as Mott insulators induced by the superlattice. At a particular incommensurate density, the system is found to be in the superfluid phase coexisting with density oscillations for a certain range of parameters of the system.
We demonstrate the existence of topological phase transitions in interacting, symmetry-protected quantum matter at finite temperatures. Using a combined numerical and analytical approach, we study a one-dimensional Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model with added Hubbard interactions, where no thermodynamic phase transition occurs at finite temperatures. The transition is signalled by a quantized, nonlocal bulk topological order parameter. It is driven by defects, which are enabled by the combination of interaction and thermal activation, with no counterpart in the noninteracting limit. The defects localize topological zero modes, which, when sufficiently abundant, cause the order parameter to vanish. This phenomenon, interpreted via bulk-boundary correspondence, reflects the loss of a topological edge mode at a well-defined critical temperature in the thermodynamic limit. Unlike zero-temperature topological transitions, these finite-temperature transitions lack thermodynamic signatures but remain observable in controlled quantum systems, such as ultracold fermionic atoms in optical lattices.