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arXiv:1301.6535 · Nuclear Physics B

Infrared expansion of entanglement entropy in the interacting resonant level model

L. Freton, E. Boulat, Hubert Saleur

Published May 28, 2013• 15 citations
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Abstract

In this paper we develop a method to describe perturbatively the entanglement entropy in a simple impurity model, the Interacting Resonant Level Model (IRLM), at low energy (i.e. in the strong coupling regime). We use integrability results for the Kondo model to describe the infrared fixed point, conformal field theory techniques initially developed by Cardy and Calabrese and a quantization scheme that allows one to compute exactly Renyi entropies at arbitrary order in 1/TB in principle, even when the system size or the temperature is finite. We show that those universal quantities at arbitrary interaction parameter in the strong coupling regime are very well approximated by the same quantities in the free fermion system in the case of attractive Coulomb interaction, whereas a strong dependence on the interaction appears in the case of repulsive interaction.

DOI
10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2013.05.015

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In this paper we develop a method to describe perturbatively the entanglement entropy in a simple impurity model, the Interacting Resonant Level Model (IRLM), at low energy (i.e. in the strong coupling regime). We use integrability results for the Kondo model to describe the infrared fixed point, conformal field theory techniques initially developed by Cardy and Calabrese and a quantization scheme that allows one to compute exactly Renyi entropies at arbitrary order in 1/TB in principle, even when the system size or the temperature is finite. We show that those universal quantities at arbitrary interaction parameter in the strong coupling regime are very well approximated by the same quantities in the free fermion system in the case of attractive Coulomb interaction, whereas a strong dependence on the interaction appears in the case of repulsive interaction.
We study the entanglement entropy of a region of length 2L2L2L with the remainder of an infinite one-dimensional gapless quantum system in the case where the region is centered on a quantum impurity. The coupling to this impurity is not scale invariant, and the physics involves a crossover between weak- and strong-coupling regimes. While the impurity contribution to the entanglement has been computed numerically in the past, little is known analytically about it, since in particular the methods of conformal invariance cannot be applied because of the presence of a crossover length. We show in this paper that the small coupling expansion of the entanglement entropy in this problem is quite generally plagued by strong infrared divergences, implying a nonperturbative dependence on the coupling. The large coupling expansion turns out to be better behaved, thanks to powerful results from the boundary CFT formulation and, in some cases, the underlying integrability of the problem. However, it is clear that this expansion does not capture well the crossover physics. In the integrable case---which includes problems such as an XXZXXZXXZ chain with a modified link, the interacting resonant level model or the anisotropic Kondo model---a nonperturbative approach is in principle possible using form factors. We adapt in this paper the ideas of Cardy et al. [J. Stat. Phys. 130, 129 (2008)] and Castro-Alvaredo and Doyon [J. Stat. Phys. 134, 105 (2009)] to the gapless case and show that, in the rather simple case of the resonant level model, and after some additional renormalizations, the form-factors approach yields remarkably accurate results for the entanglement all the way from short to large distances. This is confirmed by detailed comparison with numerical simulations. Both our form factor and numerical results are compatible with a nonperturbative form at short distance.
Entropy is a quantity for counting physical degrees of freedom in a system. At a finite temperature, one can use thermal entropy to study thermodynamical properties. At zero temperature, entanglement entropy is expected to provide a suitable order parameter of a phase structure. Especially, the entanglement entropy exhibits an interesting codimension two area law in a strongly coupled conformal field theory. We compute thermal entropy in a non-relativistic model with an infinite fermion mass limit from an exact effective potential to obtain thermal entropy at an infinite strong coupling limit. The computational result provides vanishing thermal entropy at an infinite strong coupling limit with a finite lattice spacing. The non-trivial topological term can be included in the strongly coupled lattice system to obtain the non-trivial entropy and the topology can be marked from the entropy. We first compute the thermal entropy in a two dimensional lattice topological quantum field theory to study the lattice artifact and also argue that a theory possibly has translational invariance if a system does not have a volume law in the entanglement entropy. Finally, we show that a coefficient of a universal term of the entanglement entropy should not be affected by a choice of an entangling surface in two dimensional conformal field theory for one interval case. We also discuss a choice of the entangling surface in the entanglement entropy in two dimensional CPN−1\mathrm{CP}^{N-1}CPN−1 model at the large NNN limit.
Abstract Entropy is a quantity for counting physical degrees of freedom in a system. At a finite temperature, one can use thermal entropy to study thermodynamical properties. At zero temperature, entanglement entropy is expected to provide a suitable order parameter of a phase structure. Especially, the entanglement entropy exhibits an interesting codimension two area law in a strongly coupled conformal field theory. We compute thermal entropy in a non-relativistic model with an infinite fermion mass limit from an exact effective potential to obtain thermal entropy at an infinite strong coupling limit. The computational result provides vanishing thermal entropy at an infinite strong coupling limit with a finite lattice spacing. The non-trivial topological term can be included in the strongly coupled lattice system to obtain the non-trivial entropy and the topology can be marked from the entropy. We first compute the thermal entropy in a two-dimensional (2D) lattice topological quantum field theory to study the lattice artifact and also argue that a theory possibly has translational invariance if a system does not have a volume law in the entanglement entropy. Finally, we show that a coefficient of a universal term of the entanglement entropy should not be affected by a choice of an entangling surface in 2D conformal field theory for one interval case. We also discuss a choice of the entangling surface in the entanglement entropy in 2D model at the large N limit.
The subsystem-size dependence of ground-state entanglement entropy and its crossover to thermal entropy as a function of temperature are well understood for one-dimensional (1D) gapless systems described by conformal field theory (CFT), and for free fermions with a Fermi surface in any dimension. However, little is known about the entanglement entropy for gapless fermionic systems without quasi-particles, such as a strange metal. Here we study the entanglement entropy of fermions in a solvable large-NNN 1D lattice model akin to the Yukawa-Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (Yukawa SYK) model. In this model, two Fermi points are coupled to scalar bosons via spatially random Yukawa interactions, providing a solvable model of a strange metal when the bosons become critical at a quantum critical point. We exactly compute the second Rényi entropy of fermions in a spatial subregion in this model. Our results unravel crucial role of intra-subregion entanglement between fermionic and bosonic degrees of freedom along with the inter-subregion entanglement in understanding the ground states of such strongly coupled fermion-boson systems. We show that the crossover from thermal entropy to entanglement entropy, is captured by a single scaling ansatz, that collapses the second Rényi entropy of fermions for different subregion sizes and temperatures into a single universal curve. We further show that the universal scaling curve for the critical strange metal is well described by the standard CFT formula, albeit with an effective central charge substantially larger than the non-interacting value.
By applying methods of integrable quantum field theory to the Kondo problem, we develop a systematic perturbation expansion near the IR (strong coupling) fixed point. This requires knowledge of an infinity of irrelevant operators and their couplings, which we determine exactly. A low temperature expansion (i.e., all the corrections to Fermi liquid theory) of the resistivity follows, extending the well-known Nozi\`eres T2{T}^{2}T2 result in the exactly screened case to arbitrary order. The example of the ordinary Kondo model is worked out in detail: We determine $\ensuremath{\rho}$ up to order T6{T}^{6}T6 and compare the result with available numerical data.
We characterize nonperturbatively the R\'enyi entropies of degree n=2,3,4n=2,\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}3,\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}4n=2,3,4, and 5 of three-dimensional, strongly coupled many-fermion systems in the scale-invariant regime of short interaction range and large scattering length, i.e., in the unitary limit. We carry out our calculations using lattice methods devised recently by us. Our results show the effect of strong pairing correlations on the entanglement entropy, which modify the subleading behavior for large subsystem sizes (as characterized by the dimensionless parameter x=kFLAx={k}_{F}{L}_{A}x=kF​LA​, where kF{k}_{F}kF​ is the Fermi momentum and LA{L}_{A}LA​ the linear subsystem size), but leave the leading order unchanged relative to the noninteracting case. Moreover, we find that the onset of the subleading asymptotic regime is at surprisingly small $x\ensuremath{\simeq}2--4$. We provide further insight into the entanglement properties of this system by analyzing the spectrum of the entanglement Hamiltonian of the two-body problem from weak to strong coupling. The low-lying entanglement spectrum displays clear features as the strength of the coupling is varied, such as eigenvalue crossing and merging, a sharp change in the Schmidt gap, and scale invariance at unitarity. Beyond the low-lying component, the spectrum appears as a quasicontinuum distribution, for which we present a statistical characterization; we find, in particular, that the mean shifts to infinity as the coupling is turned off, which indicates that that part of the spectrum represents nonperturbative contributions to the entanglement Hamiltonian. In contrast, the low-lying entanglement spectrum evolves to finite values in the noninteracting limit. The scale invariance of the unitary regime guarantees that our results are universal features intrinsic to three-dimensional quantum mechanics and represent a well-defined prediction for ultracold atom experiments, which were recently shown to have direct access to the entanglement entropy.