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arXiv:1301.1643

Time delay in photoemission by attosecond laser pulses

Janina Marciak-kozlowska B, Mirosław Kozłowski

Published Jan 6, 2013• 0 citations
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Abstract

Recently the time delay in the attosecond photoemission was observed (Science,2010). In this paper we propose the description of that time delay in the framework of hyperbolic heat transport equation. We argue that the observed time delay 20 as is of the order of the thermal relaxation time for hyperbolic quantum heat transport. As the generalization of the standard quantum mechanics we propose new local Schroedinger equation with c=finite

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1301.1643

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Recently the time delay in the attosecond photoemission was observed (Science,2010). In this paper we propose the description of that time delay in the framework of hyperbolic heat transport equation. We argue that the observed time delay 20 as is of the order of the thermal relaxation time for hyperbolic quantum heat transport. As the generalization of the standard quantum mechanics we propose new local Schroedinger equation with c=finite
Recently the measurement of X-ray pulses approaching the attosecond frontier was published (M. Drescher et al ., Science 291 (2001) p. 1923). The attosecond laser pulse enables the study and control of the motion of electrons inside atoms. In this paper we develop and solve the modified Schrödinger equation (MSE) which describes the interaction of electrons with its surroundings in an atom. This interaction can be detected only using an attosecond laser pulse within the relaxation time of the interaction which is of the order of 10 attoseconds.
We theoretically study time-resolved photoemission in atoms as probed by attosecond streaking. We review recent advances in the study of the photoelectric efect in the time domain and show that the experimentally accessible time shifts can be decomposed into distinct contributions that stem from the feld-free photoionization process itself and from probe-field induced corrections. We perform accurate quantum-mechanical as well as classical simulations of attosecond streaking for efective one-electron systems and determine all relevant contributions to the time delay with attosecond precision. In particular, we investigate the properties and limitations of attosecond streaking for the transition from short-ranged potentials (photodetachment) to long-ranged Coulomb potentials (photoionization). As an example for a more complex system, we study time-resolved photoionization for endohedral fullerenes A @C 60 and discuss how streaking time shifts are modifed due to the interaction of the C 60 cage with the probing infrared streaking field.
The age of attosecond physics was ushered in by the invention of methods for probing phenomena on a time scale less than femtoseconds [F. Krausz, M. Ivanov, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 163 (2009)]. In photoemission, the Eisenbud-Wigner-Smith (EWS) time delay [R. Pazourek, S. Nagele, J. Burgdorfer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 765 (2015)] is the interval between photon annihilation and emission of the electron, usually measured in attoseconds (10−1810^{-18}10−18 seconds), and varies with the kinetic energy and the angle of emission of the electron wave packet. We present a new interferometric method of measurement, using two phase-locked Extreme Ultraviolet pulses of frequency ω\omegaω and 2ω2\omega2ω, from a Free-Electron Laser. Phase differences between one- and two-photon ionization channels are extracted, and used to derive the relative EWS delay for one- and two-photon ionization of neon as a function of emission angle. Agreement with theory is excellent. Competing techniques require the use of an IR field, which necessitates corrections, but our method is correction-free. This new quantum clock is a powerful tool for investigating ultrafast processes in atoms and molecules.
Reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions is a cornerstone technique of attosecond chronoscopy, routinely used to extract photoemission delays from the phase of sideband oscillations. Here, we theoretically investigate the reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions protocol driven by quantum light and demonstrate that it is intrinsically sensitive to the quantum nature of the driving field. When the probe field is prepared in a nonclassical state, its photon statistics are imprinted onto photoelectrons via continuum-continuum transitions, giving rise to an additional time delay of several tens of attoseconds. We trace this delay to the phase associated with the second-order anomalous moment ⟨a[over ^]^{2}⟩ of the probe field. Extending the framework to a three-sideband configuration, which enables retrieval of the fourth-order anomalous moment ⟨a[over ^]^{4}⟩, we show that the interferometer exhibits significantly enhanced sensitivity to quantum fluctuations. Our work illustrates quantum attosecond photoelectron interferometry as a phase-sensitive probe of quantum light, offering a promising route for time-resolved quantum metrology at the attosecond scale.
Laser-dressed photoemission spectroscopy has established itself as the gold standard of attosecond temporal metrology.In this technique, the attosecond structure of an extreme-ultraviolet pulse is retrieved from the wave function of the electron wave packet released during photoionization.Here, we show that this electron wave packet should rather be described using the density matrix formalism, thus allowing one to account for all processes that can affect its coherence, from the attosecond pulse generation to the photoemission and the measurement processes.Using this approach, we reconstruct experimentally a partially coherent electron wave packet with a purity of 0.11 (1 for full coherence).Comparison with theoretical models then allows us to identify the origins of this decoherence and to overcome several limitations such as beam-line instabilities or spectrometer resolution.Furthermore, we show numerically how this method gives access to the coherence and eigencomponents of complex photoelectron wave packets.It thus goes beyond the current measurement of photoionization time delays and provides a general framework for the analysis and understanding of complex photoemission processes.
This article addresses topics regarding time measurements performed on quantum systems. The motivation is linked to the advent of 'attophysics' which makes feasible to follow the motion of electrons in atoms and molecules, with time resolution at the attosecond (1 as = 10 −18 s) level, i.e. at the natural scale for electronic processes in these systems. In this context, attosecond 'time-delays' have been recently measured in experiments on photoionization and the question arises if such advances could cast a new light on the still active discussion on the status of the time variable in quantum mechanics. One issue still debatable is how to decide whether one can define a quantum time operator with eigenvalues associated to measurable 'time-delays', or time is a parameter, as it is implicit in the Newtonian classical mechanics. One objective of this paper is to investigate if the recent attophysics-based measurements could shed light on this parameter-operator conundrum. To this end, we present here the main features of the theory background, followed by an analysis of the experimental schemes that have been used to evidence attosecond 'time-delays' in photoionization. Our conclusion is that these results reinforce the view that time is a parameter which cannot be defined without reference to classical mechanics.