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arXiv:1212.5501 · Physical Review A

State-independent contextuality with identical particles

Adán Cabello, Marcelo Terra Cunha

Published Feb 27, 2013• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

It has been recently conjectured that the state-independency of quantum contextuality may be lost when the indistinguishability of identical particles is taken into account. Here, we show that quantum state-independent contextuality exists for any system of more than one identical bosonic qudit, and for most systems of fermionic qudits. The only exception is the case of $d$ fermionic qudits, since there the dimension of the antisymmetric subspace is 1, which is insufficient for contextuality. For all the other cases, either the symmetry precludes the existence of physical states or we provide an explicit method to produce quantum state-independent contextual correlations.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.87.022126

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It has been recently conjectured that the state-independency of quantum contextuality may be lost when the indistinguishability of identical particles is taken into account. Here, we show that quantum state-independent contextuality exists for any system of more than one identical bosonic qudit, and for most systems of fermionic qudits. The only exception is the case of ddd fermionic qudits, since there the dimension of the antisymmetric subspace is 1, which is insufficient for contextuality. For all the other cases, either the symmetry precludes the existence of physical states or we provide an explicit method to produce quantum state-independent contextual correlations.
There exist quantum phenomena that cannot be explained by noncontextual hidden-variable theories, yet the majority of them requires measurements that are performed on a single quantum system at a time. This fact constrains the phenomenon of contextuality to the microscopic domain. It is therefore natural to ask if quantum contextuality can be observed in measurements on collections of particles. Since particles in nature are identical, one can expect that such contextuality would be linked to bosonic and fermionic properties. Analysis of quantum contextuality in such scenarios would broaden our understanding of nonclassical effects in composite systems and perhaps would give us a hint on how to observe quantum phenomena in the macroscopic world. In this work I propose a generalization of quantum contextuality to the case of many identical particles. I show that a type of contextuality exhibited by a collection of particles (state dependent, state independent, or noncontextual) depends on their type and their number. I also discuss further properties of this generalization and identify major open questions.
Quantum theory has the intriguing feature that is inconsistent with noncontextual hidden variable models, for which the outcome of a measurement does not depend on which other compatible measurements are being performed concurrently. While various proofs of such contextual behavior of quantum systems have been established, relatively little is known concerning the possibility to demonstrate this intriguing feature for indistinguishable particles. Here, we show in a simple and systematic manner that with projective measurements alone, it is possible to demonstrate quantum contextuality for such systems of arbitrary Hilbert space dimensions, including those corresponding to a qubit. Our demonstration is applicable to a single fermion as well as multiple fermions, and thus also a composite boson formed from an even number of fermions. In addition, our approach gives a clear demonstration of the intimate connection between complementarity and contextuality, two seemingly unrelated aspects of quantum theory.
Quantum theory has the intriguing feature that is inconsistent with noncontextual hidden variable models, for which the outcome of a measurement does not depend on which other compatible measurements are being performed concurrently. While various proofs of such contextual behavior of quantum systems have been established, relatively little is known concerning the possibility to demonstrate this intriguing feature for indistinguishable particles. Here, we show in a simple and systematic manner that with projective measurements alone, it is possible to demonstrate quantum contextuality for such systems of arbitrary Hilbert space dimensions, including those corresponding to a qubit. Our demonstration is applicable to a single fermion as well as multiple fermions, and thus also a composite boson formed from an even number of fermions. In addition, our approach gives a clear demonstration of the intimate connection between complementarity and contextuality, two seemingly unrelated aspects of quantum theory.
Entanglement is known to be a relative notion, defined with respect to the choice of physical observables to be measured (i.e., the measurement setup used). This implies that, in general, the same state can be both separable and entangled for different measurement setups, but this does not exclude the existence of states which are separable (or entangled) for all possible setups. We show that for systems of bosonic particles there indeed exist such universally separable states: They are independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.) pure states. In contrast, there is no such state for fermionic systems with a few exceptional cases. We also find that none of the fermionic and bosonic systems admits universally entangled states.
Quantum theory has the intriguing feature that is inconsistent with noncontextual hidden variable models, for which the outcome of a measurement does not depend on which other compatible measurements are being performed concurrently. While various proofs of such contextual behavior of quantum systems have been established, relatively little is known concerning the possibility to demonstrate this intriguing feature for indistinguishable particles. Here, we show in a simple and systematic manner that with projective measurements alone, it is possible to demonstrate quantum contextuality for such systems of arbitrary Hilbert space dimensions, including those corresponding to a qubit. Our demonstration is applicable to a single fermion as well as multiple fermions, and thus also a composite boson formed from an even number of fermions. In addition, our approach gives a clear demonstration of the intimate connection between complementarity and contextuality, two seemingly unrelated aspects of quantum theory.
Producing contextual correlations in sequences of measurements on single quantum systems faces two major problems. One is the experimental difficulty of performing sequences of ideal measurements on high-dimensional quantum systems, a problem that also affects other forms of quantum temporal correlations. The other is the simulability with classical light of existing contextuality experiments with photons. Here, we introduce a scheme that solves both problems. We show that, by encoding quantum information in $n\ensuremath{\ge}2$ indistinguishable bosons in $m\ensuremath{\ge}2$ modes, targeting observables exploiting the bunching-antibunching of bosons, and performing ideal measurements by dispersively coupling these systems with auxiliary qubits, it is possible to realize sequential quantum measurements on high-dimensional quantum systems and produce contextuality which cannot be simulated by classical light, as it relies on indistinguishability and higher-order interference.