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arXiv:1212.2092

A generalized non-Hermitian Pais-Uhlenbeck quantum Hamiltonian, its Hermitian equivalence and position-dependent mass correspondence

Bijan Kumar Bagchi, A. Ghose Choudhury, Partha Guha

Published Dec 10, 2012• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We explore the Jacobi Last Multiplier as a means for deriving the Lagrangian of a fourth-order differential equation. In particular we consider the classical problem of the Pais-Uhlenbeck oscillator and write down the accompanying Hamiltonian. We then compare such an expression with an alternative derivation of the Hamiltonian that makes use of the Ostrogradski's method and show that a mapping from the one to the other is achievable by variable transformations. Assuming canonical quantization procedure to be valid we go for the operator version of the Hamiltonian that represents a pair of uncoupled oscillators. This motivates us to propose a generalized Pais-Uhlenbeck Hamiltonian in terms of the usual harmonic oscillator creation and annihilation operators by including terms quadratic and linear in them. Such a Hamiltonian turns out to be essentially non-Hermitian but has an equivalent Hermitian representation which is reducible to a typically position-dependent reduced mass form.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1212.2092

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We explore the Jacobi Last Multiplier as a means for deriving the Lagrangian of a fourth-order differential equation. In particular we consider the classical problem of the Pais-Uhlenbeck oscillator and write down the accompanying Hamiltonian. We then compare such an expression with an alternative derivation of the Hamiltonian that makes use of the Ostrogradski's method and show that a mapping from the one to the other is achievable by variable transformations. Assuming canonical quantization procedure to be valid we go for the operator version of the Hamiltonian that represents a pair of uncoupled oscillators. This motivates us to propose a generalized Pais-Uhlenbeck Hamiltonian in terms of the usual harmonic oscillator creation and annihilation operators by including terms quadratic and linear in them. Such a Hamiltonian turns out to be essentially non-Hermitian but has an equivalent Hermitian representation which is reducible to a typically position-dependent reduced mass form.
We consider the problem of removal of ordering ambiguity in position dependent mass quantum systems characterized by a generalized position dependent mass Hamiltonian which generalizes a number of Hermitian as well as non-Hermitian ordered forms of the Hamiltonian. We implement point canonical transformation method to map one-dimensional time-independent position dependent mass Schrödinger equation endowed with potentials onto constant mass counterparts which are considered to be exactly solvable. We observe that a class of mass functions and the corresponding potentials give rise to solutions that do not depend on any particular ordering, leading to the removal of ambiguity in it. In this case, it is imperative that the ordering is Hermitian. For non-Hermitian ordering, we show that the class of systems can also be exactly solvable and is also shown to be iso-spectral using suitable similarity transformations. We also discuss the normalization of the eigenfunctions obtained from both Hermitian and non-Hermitian orderings. We illustrate the technique with the quadratic Liénard type nonlinear oscillators, which admit position dependent mass Hamiltonians.
Most of the laws of Nature involve derivatives up to the second order. Ostrogradski was the first to seek a formulation of the equations of higher-order derivatives. He extended Hamilton's equations by considering Lagrangians that depend on higher-order derivatives of generalized coordinates. The Hamilton-Ostrogradski formulation served as the basis for later studies with higher-order derivatives. However, the Hamilton-Ostrogradski formalism is rarely discussed in textbooks or the pedagogical literature. This motivated us to show how the Hamilton-Ostrogradski formalism can be applied it to the Pais-Uhlenbeck oscillator. We hope that the approach presented in this work can serve as a basis for discussion in advanced classical mechanics courses.
In this paper, we apply the covariant phase space formalism to the perturbative canonical quantization of the Pais-Uhlenbeck oscillator, with the acceleration-squared term treated as a perturbation. We quantize this model by constructing the symplectic form on the low-energy solution space. We then compute the energy spectrum and the unequal-time commutator in a perturbative way, and obtain the results that agree with the expansion of the exact low-energy theory. The perturbation method bypasses the standard Ostrogradsky construction and naturally decouples the Ostrogradsky ghost. This work extends our previous perturbative quantization scheme to genuine higher-derivative theories.
A generalized canonical form of action of dynamic theories with higher derivatives is proposed, which does not require the introduction of additional dynamic variables. This form is the initial point for the construction of quantum theory, in which the state of motion of the system is described by the wave functional on its trajectories in the configuration space, and the functional itself is an eigenvector of the action operator. The Pais-Uhlenbeck oscillator is considered as the simplest model. For this case, the correspondence between the new form of quantum theory and "ordinary" quantum mechanics has been established in the local limit, when the Pais-Uhlenbeck oscillator is reduced to the "ordinary" harmonic oscillator.
A new realization of the fourth-order derivative Pais-Uhlenbeck oscillator is constructed. This realization possesses no states of negative norm and has a real energy spectrum that is bounded below. The key to this construction is the recognition that in this realization the Hamiltonian is not Dirac Hermitian. However, the Hamiltonian is symmetric under combined space reflection P and time reversal T. The Hilbert space that is appropriate for this PT-symmetric Hamiltonian is identified and it is found to have a positive-definite inner product. Furthermore, the time-evolution operator is unitary.
The quantum-mechanical version of the four kinds of classical canonical transformations is investigated by using non-Hermitian operator techniques. To help understand the usefulness of this approach, the eigenvalue problem of a harmonic oscillator is solved in two different types of canonical transformations. The quantum form of the classical Hamilton-Jacobi theory is also employed to solve time-dependent Schr\"odinger wave equations, showing that when one uses the classical action as a generating function of the quantum canonical transformation of time evolutions of state vectors, the corresponding propagator can easily be obtained.