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arXiv:1211.5162 · Physical Review A

Pair tunneling, phase separation, and dimensional crossover in imbalanced fermionic superfluids in a coupled array of tubes

Kuei Sun, C. J. Bolech

Published May 29, 2013• 31 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study imbalanced fermionic superfluids in an array of one-dimensional tubes at the incipient dimensional crossover regime, wherein particles can tunnel between neighboring tubes. In addition to single-particle tunneling (ST), we consider pair tunneling (PT) that incorporates the interaction effect during the tunneling process. We find that with an increase of PT strength, a system of low global polarization evolves from a structure with a central Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state to one with a central BCS-like fully paired state. For the case of high global polarization, the central region exhibits pairing zeros embedded in a fully paired order. In both cases, PT enhances the pairing gap, suppresses the FFLO order, and leads to spatial separation of fully paired and fully polarized regions, the same as in higher dimensions. Thus we show that PT beyond second-order ST processes is of relevance to the development of signatures characteristic of the incipience of the dimensional crossover.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.87.053622

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We study imbalanced fermionic superfluids in an array of one-dimensional tubes at the incipient dimensional crossover regime, wherein particles can tunnel between neighboring tubes. In addition to single-particle tunneling (ST), we consider pair tunneling (PT) that incorporates the interaction effect during the tunneling process. We find that with an increase of PT strength, a system of low global polarization evolves from a structure with a central Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state to one with a central BCS-like fully paired state. For the case of high global polarization, the central region exhibits pairing zeros embedded in a fully paired order. In both cases, PT enhances the pairing gap, suppresses the FFLO order, and leads to spatial separation of fully paired and fully polarized regions, the same as in higher dimensions. Thus we show that PT beyond second-order ST processes is of relevance to the development of signatures characteristic of the incipience of the dimensional crossover.
We study s-wave pairing of population imbalanced Fermi atoms in quasi two dimensions using a mean field theory. At zero temperature, we map out the phase diagram in the entire Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer-Bose Einstein condensation (BCS-BEC) crossover region by investigating the effect of weak atom tunneling between layers. We find that the superfluid phase stabilizes as one decreases the atom tunneling between layers. This allows one to control the superfluid-normal first order phase transition by tuning a single experimental parameter. Further, we find that a tunneling induced polarized superfluid phase appears in a narrow parameter region in the BEC regime. At Finite temperatures, we use a Landau-Ginzberg functional approach to investigate the possibility of spatially inhomogeneous Fulde-Ferrel-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) phase in the weakly interacting BCS limit near the tricritical point of spatially homogenous superfluid, FFLO, and normal phases. We find that the normal-FFLO phase transition is first order transition as opposed to the continues transition predicted in zero temperature theories.
We calculate the zero-temperature (T=0) phase diagram of a polarized two-component Fermi gas in an array of weakly coupled parallel one-dimensional (1D) "tubes" produced by a two-dimensional optical lattice. Increasing the lattice strength drives a crossover from three-dimensional (3D) to 1D behavior, stabilizing the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) modulated superfluid phase. We argue that the most promising regime for observing the FFLO phase is in the quasi-1D regime, where the atomic motion is largely 1D but there is weak tunneling in the other directions that stabilizes long-range order. In the FFLO phase, we describe a phase transition where the quasiparticle spectrum changes from gapless near the 3D regime to gapped in quasi-1D.
We study two-species fermion gases with attractive interaction in two-dimensional optical lattices, producing an array of elongated tube confinements. Focusing on the interplay of Cooper pairing, spin imbalance (or magnetization), and intertube tunneling, we find the pairing gap can exhibit oscillatory behavior both along and across the tubes, reminiscent of a Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) phase. We obtain a Bose-Hubbard-like phase diagram that shows that the magnetization of the system undergoes an incompressible-compressible transition as a function of magnetic field and intertube tunneling strength. We find the parity of tube-filling imbalance in incompressible states is protected by that of the oscillatory pairing gap. Finally, we discuss signatures of this transition and thus (indirectly) of the FFLO pairing in cold-atom experiments.
We present a theory for a lattice array of weakly coupled one-dimensional ultracold attractive Fermi gases (1D tubes) with spin imbalance, where strong intratube quantum fluctuations invalidate mean-field theory. We first construct an effective field theory, which treats spin-charge mixing exactly, based on the Bethe ansatz solution of the 1D single tube problem. We show that the 1D Fulde-Ferrel-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state is a two-component Luttinger liquid, and its elementary excitations are fractional states carrying both charge and spin. We analyze the instability of the 1D FFLO state against intertube tunneling by renormalization group analysis, and find that it flows into either a polarized Fermi liquid or a FFLO superfluid, depending on the magnitude of interaction strength and spin imbalance. We obtain the phase diagram of the quasi-1D system and further determine the scaling of the superfluid transition temperature with intertube coupling.
By introducing spatially varying profiles of pairing interaction or spin polarization to quasi one-dimensional two-component atomic Fermi gases confined in box potentials, we analyze the ground state structures and properties when multiple phases coexist in real space by implementing the Bogoliubov--de~Gennes equation suitable for describing inhomogeneous fermion systems. While the BCS, Fulde--Ferrell--Larkin--Ovchinnikov (FFLO), and normal phases occupy different regions on the phase diagram when the parameters are uniform, a spatial change of pairing strength or spin polarization can drive the system from the FFLO phase to a normal gas or from a BCS superfluid to the FFLO phase in real space. The FFLO phase exhibits its signature modulating order parameter at the FFLO momentum due to population imbalance, and the pair correlation penetrates the polarized normal phase and exhibits proximity effects. Meanwhile, the BCS phase tends to repel population imbalance and maintain a plateau of pairing. Interestingly, a buffer FFLO phase emerges when the spatial change attempts to join the BCS and normal phase in the presence of spin polarization. By analyzing the pairing correlations, interfacial properties, and momentum-space spectra of the inhomogeneous structures, relevant length- and momentum- scales and their interplay are characterized. We also briefly discuss implications of inhomogeneous multi-phase atomic Fermi gases with population imbalance.
We consider the quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) system realized by an array of weakly coupled parallel one-dimensional ``tubes'' in a two-dimensional lattice which permits free motion of atoms in an axial direction in the presence of a Zeeman field, Rashba type spin-orbit coupling (SOC), and an sss-wave attractive interaction, while the radial motion is tightly confined. We solve the zero-temperature (T=0T=0T=0) Bogoliubov--de Gennes (BdG) equations for the quasi-1D Fermi gas with the dispersion modified by tunneling between the tubes and show that the T=0T=0T=0 phase diagram hosts the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) phase with nonzero center-of-mass momentum Cooper pairs for small values of the SOC while for larger values of the SOC and high Zeeman fields the uniform superfluid phase with zero center-of-mass momentum Cooper pairs has an instability towards the topological uniform superfluid phase with Majorana fermions at the tube ends. Also, we show that tuning the two-dimensional optical lattice strength in this model allows one to explore the crossover behaviors of the phases during the transition between the three-dimensional and 1D systems and in general the FFLO (for small SOC) and the topological uniform superfluid phase (for large SOC) are favored as the system becomes more one dimensional. We also find evidence of the existence of a Zeeman-tuned topological quantum phase transition (TQPT) within the FFLO phase itself and, for large values of the Zeeman field and small SOC, the TQPT gives rise to a topologically distinct FFLO phase.