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arXiv:1210.5477 · Physical Review B

Metaplectic anyons, Majorana zero modes, and their computational power

Matthew B. Hastings, Chetan Nayak, Zhenghan Wang

Published Apr 11, 2013• 52 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We introduce and study a class of anyon models that are a natural generalization of Ising anyons and Majorana fermion zero modes. These models combine an Ising anyon sector with a sector associated with $\mathit{\text{SO}}{(m)}_{2}$ Chern-Simons theory. We show how they can arise in a simple scenario for electron fractionalization and give a complete account of their quasiparticle types, fusion rules, and braiding. We show that the image of the braid group is finite for a collection of $2n$ fundamental quasiparticles and is a proper subgroup of the metaplectic representation of $Sp(2n\ensuremath{-}2,{\mathbb{F}}_{m})\ensuremath{\ltimes}H(2n\ensuremath{-}2,{\mathbb{F}}_{m})$, where $Sp(2n\ensuremath{-}2,{\mathbb{F}}_{m})$ is the symplectic group over the finite field ${\mathbb{F}}_{m}$ and $H(2n\ensuremath{-}2,{\mathbb{F}}_{m})$ is the extra special group (also called the $(2n\ensuremath{-}1)$-dimensional Heisenberg group) over ${\mathbb{F}}_{m}$. Moreover, the braiding of fundamental quasiparticles combined with a restricted set of measurements can be efficiently simulated classically. However, computing the result of braiding a certain type of composite quasiparticle followed by fusion into the identity is $#P$-hard. It is not universal for quantum computation because it has a finite braid group image. This is a rare example of a topological phase that is not universal for quantum computation through braiding but nevertheless has $#P$-hard link invariants. We argue that our models are closely related to recent analyses finding non-Abelian anyonic properties for defects in quantum Hall systems, generalizing Majorana zero modes in quasi-1D systems.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.87.165421

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We introduce and study a class of anyon models that are a natural generalization of Ising anyons and Majorana fermion zero modes. These models combine an Ising anyon sector with a sector associated with SO(m)2\mathit{\text{SO}}{(m)}_{2}SO(m)2​ Chern-Simons theory. We show how they can arise in a simple scenario for electron fractionalization and give a complete account of their quasiparticle types, fusion rules, and braiding. We show that the image of the braid group is finite for a collection of 2n2n2n fundamental quasiparticles and is a proper subgroup of the metaplectic representation of Sp(2n\ensuremath−2,Fm)\ensuremath⋉H(2n\ensuremath−2,Fm)Sp(2n\ensuremath{-}2,{\mathbb{F}}_{m})\ensuremath{\ltimes}H(2n\ensuremath{-}2,{\mathbb{F}}_{m})Sp(2n\ensuremath−2,Fm​)\ensuremath⋉H(2n\ensuremath−2,Fm​), where Sp(2n\ensuremath−2,Fm)Sp(2n\ensuremath{-}2,{\mathbb{F}}_{m})Sp(2n\ensuremath−2,Fm​) is the symplectic group over the finite field Fm{\mathbb{F}}_{m}Fm​ and H(2n\ensuremath−2,Fm)H(2n\ensuremath{-}2,{\mathbb{F}}_{m})H(2n\ensuremath−2,Fm​) is the extra special group (also called the (2n\ensuremath−1)(2n\ensuremath{-}1)(2n\ensuremath−1)-dimensional Heisenberg group) over Fm{\mathbb{F}}_{m}Fm​. Moreover, the braiding of fundamental quasiparticles combined with a restricted set of measurements can be efficiently simulated classically. However, computing the result of braiding a certain type of composite quasiparticle followed by fusion into the identity is #P-hard. It is not universal for quantum computation because it has a finite braid group image. This is a rare example of a topological phase that is not universal for quantum computation through braiding but nevertheless has #P-hard link invariants. We argue that our models are closely related to recent analyses finding non-Abelian anyonic properties for defects in quantum Hall systems, generalizing Majorana zero modes in quasi-1D systems.
A quantum computer can perform exponentially faster than its classical counterpart. It works on the principle of superposition. But due to the decoherence effect, the superposition of a quantum state gets destroyed by the interaction with the environment. It is a real challenge to completely isolate a quantum system to make it free of decoherence. This problem can be circumvented by the use of topological quantum phases of matter. These phases have quasiparticles excitations called anyons. The anyons are charge-flux composites and show exotic fractional statistics. When the order of exchange matters, then the anyons are called non-Abelian anyons. Majorana fermions in topological superconductors and quasiparticles in some quantum Hall states are non-Abelian anyons. Such topological phases of matter have a ground state degeneracy. The fusion of two or more non-Abelian anyons can result in a superposition of several anyons. The topological quantum gates are implemented by braiding and fusion of the non-Abelian anyons. The fault-tolerance is achieved through the topological degrees of freedom of anyons. Such degrees of freedom are non-local, hence inaccessible to the local perturbations. In this dissertation, we provide a comprehensive review of the fundamentals of logic design in topological quantum computing. The braid group and knot invariants in the skein theory are discussed. The physical insight behind the braiding is explained by the geometric phases and the gauge transformation. The mathematical models for the fusion and braiding are presented in terms of the category theory and the quantum deformation of the recoupling theory. The topological phases of matter are described by the topology of band structure. The wave function of quasiparticles in the quantum Hall effect and the theory of Majorana fermions in topological superconductors are also discussed. The dynamics of the charge-flux composites and their Hilbert space are expressed through the Chern-Simons theory and the two-dimensional topological quantum field theory. The Ising and Fibonacci anyonic models for binary gates are briefly given. Ternary logic gates are more compact than their binary counterparts and naturally arise in a type of anyonic model called the metaplectic anyons. We reduced the quantum cost of the existing ternary quantum arithmetic gates and proposed that these gates can be implemented with the metaplectic anyons.
We investigate whether the braid group representation on NNN anyons uniquely determines the modular data (SSS and TTT matrices) of a non-Abelian topological order, and whether this framework classifies all fusion rules for Majorana zero modes (MZMs) in 2D topological superconductors. We show that the local NNN-anyon braid group representation constrains the modular data up to finite gauge ambiguity but does not uniquely fix the global SSS-matrix without specifying the underlying spin structure. For MZMs, the braid generators satisfy the Ising anyon RRR-matrix with the asymptotic Hecke relation σi2=1\sigma_i^2 = 1σi2​=1 (up to phase), which rigidly fixes the local FFF and RRR symbols of the Ising category. Consequently, the fusion rules are strictly of Ising type (σ×σ=1+ψ\sigma \times \sigma = 1 + \psiσ×σ=1+ψ), precluding alternative non-Abelian fusion rules. The TTT-matrix is determined by topological spins, but the full SSS-matrix depends on the spin structure of the underlying manifold, reflecting the super-modular structure of the theory. ## 1. Introduction Topological quantum computation exploits the non-Abelian statistics of anyons—quasiparticle excitations in two-dimensional systems whose braiding operations are represented by non-commuting unitary matrices on a degenerate ground-state manifold [1]. A central question is whether the local braiding data of NNN anyons suffices to reconstruct the full modular data of the underlying topological order (TO), or whether additional global information is required. This question has direct physical consequences for 2D topological superconductors (TSCs) hosting Majorana zero modes (MZMs), where the anyonic excitations are vortices binding MZMs and the fermionic quasiparticle is a transparent (local) fermion [2,3]. The modular data of a TO consists of the SSS-matrix, which encodes the mutual braiding statistics of anyons, and the TTT-matrix, which encodes the topological spins. Together, these matrices form a projective representation of t
Majorana zero modes (MZMs) localized on vortices of a two-dimensional topological superconductor carry a projective representation of the braid group, and the associated anyon theory is encoded in a modular tensor category whose fusion rules and modular data (SSS and TTT matrices) determine the topological order. We address two questions: whether the braid group representation on NNN anyons uniquely determines the modular data of the underlying non-Abelian topological order, and whether a representation-theoretic framework can classify all possible fusion rules for MZMs in 2D topological superconductors. We develop a classification pipeline that (i) fixes the local MZM algebra as the Clifford algebra generated by 2n2n2n Majorana operators, (ii) imposes the pentagon and hexagon coherence equations on candidate braided fusion structures, and (iii) filters candidates by modular-data consistency conditions, including the Verlinde formula and Frobenius–Schur indicators. As a fully worked example we compute, with explicit arithmetic, the modular SSS matrix and total quantum dimension for the Ising-type theory relevant to chiral ppp-wave superconductors, obtaining D=2\mathcal{D} = 2D=2 and verifying unitarity of SSS to machine precision. We then analyze metaplectic categories SO(N)2SO(N)_2SO(N)2​, which generalize the Ising/MZM fusion pattern, and show how Property F (finiteness of braid images) constrains the classification. We argue that the framework classifies MZM fusion rules up to gauging and extension operations, but that non-semisimple and non-unitary candidates escape the semisimple machinery; we state falsification criteria and open problems. ## 1. Introduction A two-dimensional topological superconductor (2D TSC) supports vortices that bind Majorana zero modes (MZMs): self-adjoint fermionic operators γi=γi†\gamma_i = \gamma_i^\daggerγi​=γi†​ obeying the Clifford algebra {γi,γj}=2δij\{\gamma_i,\gamma_j\} = 2\delta_{ij}{γi​,γj​}=2δij​. Exchanging vortices iii and jjj acts on the ground-state manifold by the operato Full text and updates: papers.qnfo.org/papers/braid-group-representations-modular-data-and-the-classification-of-majo-5099abb8/
Models for topological quantum computation are based on braiding and fusing anyons (quasiparticles of fractional statistics) in (2+1)-D. The anyons that can exist in a physical theory are determined by the symmetry group of the Hamiltonian. In the case that the Hamiltonian undergoes spontaneous symmetry breaking of the full symmetry group G to a finite residual gauge group H, particles are given by representations of the quantum double D(H)D(H)D(H) of the subgroup. The quasi-triangular Hopf Algebra D(H) is obtained from Drinfeld's quantum double construction applied to the algebra F(H) of functions on the finite group H. A major new contribution of this work is a program written in MAGMA to compute the particles (and their properties - including spin) that can exist in a system with an arbitrary finite residual gauge group, in addition to the braiding and fusion rules for those particles. We compute explicitly the fusion rules for two non-abelian group doubles suggested for universal quantum computation: S3S_3S3​ and A5A_5A5​, and discover some interesting results, subsystems, and symmetries in the tables. SO(3)_4 (the restriction of Chern-Simons theory SU(2)4SU(2)_4SU(2)4​) and its mirror image are discovered as 3-particle subsystems in the 8-particle S3S_3S3​ quantum double. The tables demonstrate that both S3S_3S3​ and A5A_5A5​ anyons are all Majorana, but this is not the case for all finite groups. In the appendices, the quantum doubles for the remaining nonabelian subgroups of SO(3) - S4S_4S4​, A4A_4A4​, and D4D_4D4​ (the second in the infinite family DnD_nDn​) - are tabulated and analyzed. In addition, the probabilities of obtaining any given fusion product in quantum computation applications are determined and programmed in MAGMA. Throughout, connections to possible experiments are mentioned.
Majorana zero modes (MZMs) are canonically described by the Ising topological quantum field theory (TQFT), equivalent to SU(2)2 Chern-Simons theory. We investigate whether the braid-group representation governing MZMs could instead arise as the non-Abelian sector of an SO(3)2 Chern-Simons theory (equivalent to SU(2)4), and whether four-point interferometry can experimentally distinguish these topological orders. The non-Abelian sector of SO(3)2 yields a braid-group representation locally indistinguishable from Ising anyons for two-quasiparticle braiding, but differs fundamentally in its fusion rules. Specifically, the SO(3)2 non-Abelian anyon vvv (spin-1) obeys v×v=1+v+ψv \times v = 1 + v + \psiv×v=1+v+ψ, whereas the Ising σ\sigmaσ anyon obeys σ×σ=1+ψ\sigma \times \sigma = 1 + \psiσ×σ=1+ψ. We compute the four-point braiding matrices and evaluate the interferometric visibility for a Fabry-Pérot interferometer enclosing four anyons. The presence of the v×v→vv \times v \to vv×v→v fusion channel introduces an additional interference path with a distinct conformal weight, providing a falsifiable signature distinguishing SO(3)2 from Ising. ## 1. Introduction Majorana zero modes (MZMs) are localized zero-energy excitations in topological superconductors that exhibit non-Abelian statistics. Canonically, MZMs are described by the Ising topological quantum field theory (TQFT), a framework describing topological phases of matter, which corresponds to the SU(2)2 Chern-Simons gauge theory. Chern-Simons theory is a topological gauge theory in 2+1 dimensions whose quantization yields anyonic quasiparticles. We investigate whether the braid-group representation governing MZMs could instead arise as the non-Abelian sector of an SO(3)2 Chern-Simons theory. We demonstrate that while two-quasiparticle braiding is locally indistinguishable from Ising anyons, the theories differ fundamentally in their fusion rules. We propose that four-point interferometry can experimentally distinguish these two topological orders by det
FINDING: Topological quantum computing uses non-Abelian anyons (Majorana zero modes) for fault-tolerant qubits, with braiding operations encoding quantum gates. | MATH: Braid group Bn B_n Bn​ generators satisfy σiσi+1σi=σi+1σiσi+1 \sigma_i \sigma_{i+1} \sigma_i = \sigma_{i+1} \sigma_i \sigma_{i+1} σi​σi+1​σi​=σi+1​σi​σi+1​; Majorana operators γi \gamma_i γi​ satisfy {γi,γj}=2δij \{\gamma_i, \gamma_j\} = 2\delta_{ij} {γi​,γj​}=2δij​; fusion rules for Ising anyons: σ×σ=1+ψ \sigma \times \sigma = 1 + \psi σ×σ=1+ψ, σ×ψ=σ \sigma \times \psi = \sigma σ×ψ=σ, ψ×ψ=1 \psi \times \psi = 1 ψ×ψ=1. | CONNECTION: Braid group is deeply linked to the golden ratio via the Temperley-Lieb algebra at q=eiπ/5 q = e^{i\pi/5} q=eiπ/5, where the Jones polynomial yields τ=(1+5)/2≈1.618 \tau = (1+\sqrt{5})/2 \approx 1.618 τ=(1+5​)/2≈1.618; Fibonacci anyons have fusion rules τ×τ=1+τ \tau \times \tau = 1 + \tau τ×τ=1+τ, directly encoding the golden ratio. | DEPTH: 9 — Non-Abelian statistics and braiding are foundational to topological quantum computation, with direct geometric harmony in Fibonacci anyon models. Author: Andrew Stewart Caldin, Independent Researcher, UK. Part of the E8 Intelligence Research series. Platform: e8intelligence.com