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arXiv:1210.2867

Observing the decay of orbital angular momentum entanglement, through experimentally simulated turbulence

Alpha Hamadou Ibrahim, Filippus Stefanus Roux, Sandeep K. Goyal, Melanie G. McLaren, Thomas Konrad, Andrew Forbes

Published Oct 10, 2012• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study the evolution of an orbital angular momentum (OAM) entangled bipartite photonic state for the case where one of the photons propagates through Kolmogorov turbulence, using the concurrence as a measure of entanglement. Quantum state tomography was performed to reconstruct the two qubit density matrices for a range of scintillation strengths. Our results give the first direct experimental confirmation of the existing theories for decay of entanglement due to atmospheric turbulence. We also show how the modal scattering increases with increasing scintillation and we discuss the impact of the scale at which entanglement dissipates due to atmospheric turbulence on free-space quantum communication.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1210.2867

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We study the evolution of an orbital angular momentum (OAM) entangled bipartite photonic state for the case where one of the photons propagates through Kolmogorov turbulence, using the concurrence as a measure of entanglement. Quantum state tomography was performed to reconstruct the two qubit density matrices for a range of scintillation strengths. Our results give the first direct experimental confirmation of the existing theories for decay of entanglement due to atmospheric turbulence. We also show how the modal scattering increases with increasing scintillation and we discuss the impact of the scale at which entanglement dissipates due to atmospheric turbulence on free-space quantum communication.
The orbital angular momentum (OAM) state of light can potentially be used to implement higher dimensional entangled systems for quantum communication. Unfortunately, optical fibers in use today support only modes with zero OAM values. Free-space quantum communication is an alternative to traditional way of communicating through optical fibers. However the refractive index fluctuation of the atmosphere gives rise to random phase aberrations on a propagating optical beam. To transmit quantum information successfully through a free-space optical channel, one needs to understand how atmospheric turbulence influences quantum entanglement. Here, we present a numerical study of the evolution of quantum entanglement between a pair of qubits. The qubits consist of photons entangled in the OAM basis. The photons propagate in a turbulent atmosphere modeled by a series of consecutive phase screens based on the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence. Maximally entangled initial states are considered, and the concurrence is used as a measure of entanglement. We show how the evolution of entanglement is influenced by various parameters such as the beam waist, the strength of the turbulence and the wavelength of the beam. We restricted our analysis to the OAM values l = ±1 and we compared our results to previous work.
The turbulence-induced decay of orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) entanglement between two photons is investigated numerically and experimentally. To compare our results with previous work, we simulate the turbulent atmosphere with a single phase screen based on the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence. We consider two different scenarios: in the first only one of the two photons propagates through turbulence, and in the second both photons propagate through uncorrelated turbulence. Comparing the entanglement evolution for different OAM values, we found the entanglement to be more robust in turbulence for higher OAM values. We derive an empirical formula for the distance scale at which entanglement decays in terms of the scale parameters and the OAM value.
The use of Higher-dimensional entangled systems have been proved to signi cantly improve many quantum in- formation tasks. For instance, it has been shown that the use of higher-dimensional entangled systems provides a higher information capacity and an increased security in quantum cryptography. The orbital angular momentum (OAM) state of light is a potential candidate for the implementation of higher-dimensional entangled systems and has thus been considered for free-space quantum communication. However, atmospheric turbulence severely affects the OAM state of photons. In this work, we study the evolution of the OAM entanglement between two qutrits (three-dimensional quantum systems) in atmospheric turbulence both numerically and experimentally. The qutrits are photons entangled in their orbital angular momentum (OAM) states generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion. We propagate one of the photons through turbulence while leaving the other undis- turbed. To compare our results with previous work, we simulate the turbulent atmosphere with a single phase screen based on the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence and we use the tangle to quantify the amount of entangle- ment between the two qutrits. We compare our results with the evolution of OAM entanglement between two qubits.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) entangled bi-photons are a resource for the higher dimensional implementation of quantum cryptography, which allows secure communication over various channels. In the case where free-space is used as communication channel the initial OAM entangled bi-photon loses some or even all of its entanglement because of the scintillation that it experiences while propagating through the turbulence in the atmosphere. This decoherence of OAM entanglement has so far only been studied for the case of weak turbulence. Unfortunately, it is the more challenging strong turbulence scenario that is relevant for the practical implementation of free-space quantum communication through the atmosphere. Using an approach that differs from previous approaches, we derive a master equation for the evolution of an OAM entangled bi-photon during propagation through turbulence. However, in our approach the equation contains a derivative with respect to the propagation distance instead of time. The principle is to consider the propagation over an infinitesimal distance of OAM basis states through a random medium. This approach allows one to include, not only the effect of turbulence of arbitrary strength, but also the effect of the inner and outer scale of the turbulence, as represented by the Tartarskii and von Karman spectra. The resulting expression can predict the rates of decoherence for arbitrary initial OAM entangled states and can be used to calculate the concurrence, which measures the amount of entanglement, as a function of propagation distance for different initial entangled OAM states.
The evolution of high-dimensional entanglement in atmospheric turbulence is investigated. We study the effects of turbulence on photonic states generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion, both theoretically and experimentally. One of the photons propagates through turbulence, while the other is left undisturbed. The atmospheric turbulence is simulated by a single phase screen based on the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence. The output after turbulence is projected into a three-dimensional (qutrit) basis composed of specific Laguerre-Gaussian modes. Full state tomography is performed to determine the density matrix for each output quantum state. These density matrices are used to determine the amount of entanglement, quantified in terms of the negativity, as a function of the scintillation strength. Theoretically, the entanglement is calculated using a single phase screen approximation. We obtain good agreement between theory and experiment.
Abstract The entangled orbital angular momentum (OAM) photons propagating across a weakly turbulent atmosphere are investigated. Here, the paper uses the single-phase screen model based on the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence, and focuses on the influence of the backward scattering on OAM evolution. The results indicate that backward scattering plays an important role in the analysis of OAM entanglement evolution in the turbulent atmosphere. It cannot be negligible especially for higher-order OAM mode. Moreover, when OAM mode is greater than 4, entangled photon pairs composed of higher OAM modes are not more robust in turbulence within the weak scintillation regime. These results will be useful in future investigations of OAM-based optical wave propagation through turbulent atmosphere.