Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1210.1831 · Physical Review B

Determining the structure of the real-space entanglement spectrum from approximate conditional independence

Isaac H. Kim

Published Apr 11, 2013• 9 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study the ground state of a gapped quantum many-body system whose entanglement entropy ${S}_{A}$ can be expressed as ${S}_{A}=a|\ensuremath{\partial}A|\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, where $a,\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are some constants and $|\ensuremath{\partial}A|$ is an area of the subsystem $A$. By using a recently proved operator extension of strong subadditivity of entropy [I. H. Kim, J. Math. Phys. 53, 122204 (2012)], we show that a certain linear combination of the real-space entanglement spectrum has a small correlation with almost any local operator. Our result implies that there exists a structure relating the real-space entanglement spectrum over different subsystems. Further, this structure is inherited from the generic property of the ground state alone, suggesting that the locality of the entanglement spectrum may be attributed to the area law of entanglement entropy.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.87.155120

Related papers

Quantum complexity and generalized area law in fully connected models

Donghoon Kim, Tomotaka Kuwahara

The area law for entanglement entropy captures a fundamental constraint on the complexity of quantum many-body ground states and enables their efficient description. While the area law is rigorously established in one dimension, its status in higher-dimensional local systems remains unresolved, and it does not hold in general for geometrically non-local systems. Here, we establish a generalized area law for gapped ground states of fully connected Hamiltonians. We show that the bipartite entanglement entropy grows at most logarithmically with system size despite the absence of geometric locality. In the ground state, each site is only weakly entangled with the rest, while configurations with extensive local fluctuations are strongly suppressed, effectively restricting the accessible Hilbert space. As a consequence, the ground state admits a matrix product state approximation with polynomial bond dimension with respect to the system size at fixed accuracy. In the permutation-invariant setting, we further prove a constant entanglement bound and demonstrate that the gapped ground state can be computed in time polylogarithmic in the system size. These results show that low entanglement complexity need not rely on geometric locality, broadening the conceptual and computational scope of area laws.

arXiv:2411.02140•Nov 4, 2024•1 citation

Locality of edge states and entanglement spectrum from strong subadditivity

Kohtaro Kato, Fernando G. S. L. Brandão

We consider two-dimensional states of matter satisfying a uniform area law for entanglement. We show that the topological entanglement entropy is equal to the minimum relative entropy distance from the reduced state to the set of thermal states of local models. The argument is based on strong subadditivity of quantum entropy. For states with zero topological entanglement entropy, in particular, the formula gives locality of the states at the boundary of a region as thermal states of local Hamiltonians. It also implies that the entanglement spectrum of a two-dimensional region is equal to the spectrum of a one-dimensional local thermal state on the boundary of the region.

arXiv:1804.05457•Physical review. B./Physical review. B•May 14, 2019•8 citations

Perturbative analysis of topological entanglement entropy from conditional independence

Isaac H. Kim

We use the structure of conditionally independent states to analyze the stability of topological entanglement entropy. For the ground state of the quantum double or Levin-Wen model, we obtain a bound on the first-order perturbation of topological entanglement entropy in terms of its energy gap and subsystem size. The bound decreases superpolynomially with the size of the subsystem, provided the energy gap is nonzero. We also study the finite-temperature stability of stabilizer models, for which we prove a stronger statement than the strong subadditivity of entropy. Using this statement and assuming (i) finite correlation length and (ii) small conditional mutual information of certain configurations, first-order perturbation effect for arbitrary local perturbation can be bounded. We discuss the technical obstacles in generalizing these results.

arXiv:1109.3496•Physical Review B•Dec 18, 2012•35 citations

Local reversibility and entanglement structure of many-body ground states

Tomotaka Kuwahara, Itai Arad, Luigi Amico A +1 more

The low-temperature physics of quantum many-body systems is largely governed by the structure of their ground states. Minimizing the energy of local interactions, ground states often reflect strong properties of locality such as the area law for entanglement entropy and the exponential decay of correlations between spatially separated observables. In this letter we present a novel characterization of locality in quantum states, which we call `local reversibility'. It characterizes the type of operations that are needed to reverse the action of a general disturbance on the state. We prove that unique ground states of gapped local Hamiltonian are locally reversible. This way, we identify new fundamental features of many-body ground states, which cannot be derived from the aforementioned properties. We use local reversibility to distinguish between states enjoying microscopic and macroscopic quantum phenomena. To demonstrate the potential of our approach, we prove specific properties of ground states, which are relevant both to critical and non-critical theories.

arXiv:1502.05330•Quantum Science and Technology•Feb 15, 2017•19 citations

Colloquium : Area laws for the entanglement entropy

Jens Eisert, M. Cramer, Martin Bodo Plenio

Physical interactions in quantum many-body systems are typically local: Individual constituents interact mainly with their few nearest neighbors. This locality of interactions is inherited by a decay of correlation functions, but also reflected by scaling laws of a quite profound quantity: the entanglement entropy of ground states. This entropy of the reduced state of a subregion often merely grows like the boundary area of the subregion, and not like its volume, in sharp contrast with an expected extensive behavior. Such ``area laws'' for the entanglement entropy and related quantities have received considerable attention in recent years. They emerge in several seemingly unrelated fields, in the context of black hole physics, quantum information science, and quantum many-body physics where they have important implications on the numerical simulation of lattice models. In this Colloquium the current status of area laws in these fields is reviewed. Center stage is taken by rigorous results on lattice models in one and higher spatial dimensions. The differences and similarities between bosonic and fermionic models are stressed, area laws are related to the velocity of information propagation in quantum lattice models, and disordered systems, nonequilibrium situations, and topological entanglement entropies are discussed. These questions are considered in classical and quantum systems, in their ground and thermal states, for a variety of correlation measures. A significant proportion is devoted to the clear and quantitative connection between the entanglement content of states and the possibility of their efficient numerical simulation. Matrix-product states, higher-dimensional analogs, and variational sets from entanglement renormalization are also discussed and the paper is concluded by highlighting the implications of area laws on quantifying the effective degrees of freedom that need to be considered in simulations of quantum states.

arXiv:0808.3773•Reviews of Modern Physics•Feb 4, 2010•2,867 citations

An area law for one-dimensional quantum systems

M. B. Hastings

We prove an area law for the entanglement entropy in gapped one-dimensional quantum systems. The bound on the entropy grows surprisingly rapidly with the correlation length; we discuss this in terms of properties of quantum expanders and present a conjecture on matrix product states which may provide an alternate way of arriving at an area law. We also show that, for gapped, local systems, the bound on Von Neumann entropy implies a bound on Rényi entropy for sufficiently large α<1 and implies the ability to approximate the ground state by a matrix product state.

arXiv:0705.2024•Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment•Aug 20, 2007•1,088 citations
We study the ground state of a gapped quantum many-body system whose entanglement entropy SA{S}_{A}SA​ can be expressed as SA=a∣\ensuremath∂A∣\ensuremath−\ensuremathγ{S}_{A}=a|\ensuremath{\partial}A|\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}SA​=a∣\ensuremath∂A∣\ensuremath−\ensuremathγ, where a,\ensuremathγa,\ensuremath{\gamma}a,\ensuremathγ are some constants and ∣\ensuremath∂A∣|\ensuremath{\partial}A|∣\ensuremath∂A∣ is an area of the subsystem AAA. By using a recently proved operator extension of strong subadditivity of entropy [I. H. Kim, J. Math. Phys. 53, 122204 (2012)], we show that a certain linear combination of the real-space entanglement spectrum has a small correlation with almost any local operator. Our result implies that there exists a structure relating the real-space entanglement spectrum over different subsystems. Further, this structure is inherited from the generic property of the ground state alone, suggesting that the locality of the entanglement spectrum may be attributed to the area law of entanglement entropy.
The area law for entanglement entropy captures a fundamental constraint on the complexity of quantum many-body ground states and enables their efficient description. While the area law is rigorously established in one dimension, its status in higher-dimensional local systems remains unresolved, and it does not hold in general for geometrically non-local systems. Here, we establish a generalized area law for gapped ground states of fully connected Hamiltonians. We show that the bipartite entanglement entropy grows at most logarithmically with system size despite the absence of geometric locality. In the ground state, each site is only weakly entangled with the rest, while configurations with extensive local fluctuations are strongly suppressed, effectively restricting the accessible Hilbert space. As a consequence, the ground state admits a matrix product state approximation with polynomial bond dimension with respect to the system size at fixed accuracy. In the permutation-invariant setting, we further prove a constant entanglement bound and demonstrate that the gapped ground state can be computed in time polylogarithmic in the system size. These results show that low entanglement complexity need not rely on geometric locality, broadening the conceptual and computational scope of area laws.
We consider two-dimensional states of matter satisfying a uniform area law for entanglement. We show that the topological entanglement entropy is equal to the minimum relative entropy distance from the reduced state to the set of thermal states of local models. The argument is based on strong subadditivity of quantum entropy. For states with zero topological entanglement entropy, in particular, the formula gives locality of the states at the boundary of a region as thermal states of local Hamiltonians. It also implies that the entanglement spectrum of a two-dimensional region is equal to the spectrum of a one-dimensional local thermal state on the boundary of the region.
We use the structure of conditionally independent states to analyze the stability of topological entanglement entropy. For the ground state of the quantum double or Levin-Wen model, we obtain a bound on the first-order perturbation of topological entanglement entropy in terms of its energy gap and subsystem size. The bound decreases superpolynomially with the size of the subsystem, provided the energy gap is nonzero. We also study the finite-temperature stability of stabilizer models, for which we prove a stronger statement than the strong subadditivity of entropy. Using this statement and assuming (i) finite correlation length and (ii) small conditional mutual information of certain configurations, first-order perturbation effect for arbitrary local perturbation can be bounded. We discuss the technical obstacles in generalizing these results.
The low-temperature physics of quantum many-body systems is largely governed by the structure of their ground states. Minimizing the energy of local interactions, ground states often reflect strong properties of locality such as the area law for entanglement entropy and the exponential decay of correlations between spatially separated observables. In this letter we present a novel characterization of locality in quantum states, which we call `local reversibility'. It characterizes the type of operations that are needed to reverse the action of a general disturbance on the state. We prove that unique ground states of gapped local Hamiltonian are locally reversible. This way, we identify new fundamental features of many-body ground states, which cannot be derived from the aforementioned properties. We use local reversibility to distinguish between states enjoying microscopic and macroscopic quantum phenomena. To demonstrate the potential of our approach, we prove specific properties of ground states, which are relevant both to critical and non-critical theories.
Physical interactions in quantum many-body systems are typically local: Individual constituents interact mainly with their few nearest neighbors. This locality of interactions is inherited by a decay of correlation functions, but also reflected by scaling laws of a quite profound quantity: the entanglement entropy of ground states. This entropy of the reduced state of a subregion often merely grows like the boundary area of the subregion, and not like its volume, in sharp contrast with an expected extensive behavior. Such ``area laws'' for the entanglement entropy and related quantities have received considerable attention in recent years. They emerge in several seemingly unrelated fields, in the context of black hole physics, quantum information science, and quantum many-body physics where they have important implications on the numerical simulation of lattice models. In this Colloquium the current status of area laws in these fields is reviewed. Center stage is taken by rigorous results on lattice models in one and higher spatial dimensions. The differences and similarities between bosonic and fermionic models are stressed, area laws are related to the velocity of information propagation in quantum lattice models, and disordered systems, nonequilibrium situations, and topological entanglement entropies are discussed. These questions are considered in classical and quantum systems, in their ground and thermal states, for a variety of correlation measures. A significant proportion is devoted to the clear and quantitative connection between the entanglement content of states and the possibility of their efficient numerical simulation. Matrix-product states, higher-dimensional analogs, and variational sets from entanglement renormalization are also discussed and the paper is concluded by highlighting the implications of area laws on quantifying the effective degrees of freedom that need to be considered in simulations of quantum states.
We prove an area law for the entanglement entropy in gapped one-dimensional quantum systems. The bound on the entropy grows surprisingly rapidly with the correlation length; we discuss this in terms of properties of quantum expanders and present a conjecture on matrix product states which may provide an alternate way of arriving at an area law. We also show that, for gapped, local systems, the bound on Von Neumann entropy implies a bound on Rényi entropy for sufficiently large α<1 and implies the ability to approximate the ground state by a matrix product state.