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arXiv:1208.6146

Finite quantum mechanical model for the stock market

Liviu‐Adrian Cotfas

Published Aug 30, 2012• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The price of a given stock is exactly known only at the time of sale when the stock is between the traders. If we know the price (owner) then we have no information on the owner (price). A more general description including cases when we have partial information on both price and ownership is obtained by using the quantum mechanics methods. The relation price-ownership is similar to the relation position-momentum. Our approach is based on the mathematical formalism used in the case of quantum systems with finite-dimensional Hilbert space. The linear operator corresponding to the ownership is obtained from the linear operator corresponding to the price by using the finite Fourier transform. In our idealized model, the Schrodinger type equation describing the time evolution of the stock price is solved numerically.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1208.6146

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The price of a given stock is exactly known only at the time of sale when the stock is between the traders. If we know the price (owner) then we have no information on the owner (price). A more general description including cases when we have partial information on both price and ownership is obtained by using the quantum mechanics methods. The relation price-ownership is similar to the relation position-momentum. Our approach is based on the mathematical formalism used in the case of quantum systems with finite-dimensional Hilbert space. The linear operator corresponding to the ownership is obtained from the linear operator corresponding to the price by using the finite Fourier transform. In our idealized model, the Schrodinger type equation describing the time evolution of the stock price is solved numerically.
The trade of a fixed stock can be regarded as the basic process that measures its momentary price. The stock price is exactly known only at the time of sale when the stock is between traders, that is, only in the case when the owner is unknown. We show that the stock price can be better described by a function indicating at any moment of time the probabilities for the possible values of price if a transaction takes place. This more general description contains partial information on the stock price, but it also contains partial information on the stock owner. By following the analogy with quantum mechanics, we assume that the time evolution of the function describing the stock price can be described by a Schrodinger type equation.
Modern approaches to stock pricing in quantitative finance are typically founded on the 'Black-Scholes model' and the underlying 'random walk hypothesis'. Empirical data indicate that this hypothesis works well in stable situations but, in abrupt transitions such as during an economical crisis, the random walk model fails and alternative descriptions are needed. For this reason, several proposals have been recently forwarded which are based on the formalism of quantum mechanics. In this paper we apply the 'SCoP formalism', elaborated to provide an operational foundation of quantum mechanics, to the stock market. We argue that a stock market is an intrinsically contextual system where agents' decisions globally influence the market system and stocks prices, determining a nonclassical behavior. More specifically, we maintain that a given stock does not generally have a definite value, e.g., a price, but its value is actualized as a consequence of the contextual interactions in the trading process. This contextual influence is responsible of the non-Kolmogorovian quantum-like behavior of the market at a statistical level. Then, we propose a 'sphere model' within our 'hidden measurement formalism' that describes a buying/selling process of a stock and shows that it is intuitively reasonable to assume that the stock has not a definite price until it is traded. This result is relevant in our opinion since it provides a theoretical support to the use of quantum models in finance.
Following system is investigated with its corresponding properties in detail: A Quantum Model Of Option Pricing: When Black–Scholes Meets Schrödinger And Its Semi-Classical Limit, Black–Scholes Option Pricing Model In A More General Quantum Physics Setting, Perfect Market Equilibrium State Postulated By The Black–Scholes Model Represents A Particular Case., Controlled Markov Processes And Mathematical Finance, Controlled Markov Processes And Mathematical Finance, Dynamic Optimization And Its Relation To Classical And Quantum Constrained Systems, Consistency Relation, Inter-Occurrence Times And Universal Laws In Finance, Earthquakes And Genomes, Quantum Cognition Beyond Hilbert Space Ii, Quantum Master Equation For Long-Term Prognosis.. The full paper: http://www.iiste.org/PDFshare/APTA-PAGENO-654991-661307.pdf
Writing the article "Time independent pricing of options in range bound markets" [1], the question in the title came naturally to my mind.It is stated, in the above article, that in certain market conditions the stock price is subjected to an equation that exactly matches a time independent Schrodinger equation.The time independent equation for options valuation is used further to explain a stock market phenomenon that resembles an α particle decay tunneling effect.The transmission coefficient for the stock price tunneling effect it is also deduced.Although, it may not have important impact in quantum physics, the philosophical aspects residing in the use of quantum mechanics for stock market specific are very important.
This paper deals with European share option pricing using quantum physics methods. These contingent claims are usually priced using the Black-Scholes equation. This nonlinear parabolic equation is based on geometric Brownian motion model of the stock price stochastic process. Similar processes also appear among quantum particles and are described by the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. In this paper, the option pricing based on the Schrödinger equation approach is proposed. Using Wick transformation, the Black-Scholes equation is transformed into the equivalent Schrödinger equation. The Fourier separation method is used to find analytical solutions to this equation. The last square method is used to calibrate the Schrödinger model based on real market data. Numerical results are provided and discussed.
We pursue the quantum-mechanical challenge to the efficient market hypothesis for the stock market by employing the quantum Brownian motion model. We utilize the quantum Caldeira-Leggett master equation as a possible phenomenological model for the stock-market-prices fluctuations while introducing the external harmonic field for the Brownian particle. Two quantum regimes are of particular interest: the exact regime as well as the approximate regime of the pure decoherence ("recoilless") limit of the Caldeira-Leggett equation. By calculating the standard deviation and the kurtosis for the particle's position observable, we can detect deviations of the quantum-mechanical behavior from the classical counterpart, which bases the efficient market hypothesis. By varying the damping factor, temperature as well as the oscillator's frequency, we are able to provide interpretation of different economic scenarios and possible situations that are not normally recognized by the efficient market hypothesis. Hence we recognize the quantum Brownian oscillator as a possibly useful model for the realistic behavior of stock prices.