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arXiv:1208.4555 · Physical Review A

Tunable refraction in a two-dimensional quantum-state metamaterial

M. J. Everitt, John H. Samson, Sergey E. Savel'ev, R. Wilson, Alexandre M. Zagoskin, Timothy P. Spiller

Published Aug 20, 2014• 4 citations
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Abstract

In this paper we consider a two-dimensional quantum-state metamaterial comprising an array of qubits (two-level quantum objects). Here we propose that it should be possible to manipulate the propagation of quantum information. We show that a quantum metamaterial such as the one considered here exhibits several different modes of operation, which we have termed Aharonov-Bohm, intermediate, and quantum-Zeno. We also see interesting behavior which could be thought of as either quantum birefringence (where the material acts like a beam splitter) as well as the emergence of quantum correlations in the circuit's measurement statistics. Quantum-state metamaterials as proposed here may be fabricated from a variety of technologies from superconducting qubits to quantum dots and would be readily testable in existing state-of-the-art laboratories.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.90.023837

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In this paper we consider a two-dimensional quantum-state metamaterial comprising an array of qubits (two-level quantum objects). Here we propose that it should be possible to manipulate the propagation of quantum information. We show that a quantum metamaterial such as the one considered here exhibits several different modes of operation, which we have termed Aharonov-Bohm, intermediate, and quantum-Zeno. We also see interesting behavior which could be thought of as either quantum birefringence (where the material acts like a beam splitter) as well as the emergence of quantum correlations in the circuit's measurement statistics. Quantum-state metamaterials as proposed here may be fabricated from a variety of technologies from superconducting qubits to quantum dots and would be readily testable in existing state-of-the-art laboratories.
Metamaterials are a class of artificially engineered materials with periodic structures possessing exceptional properties not found in conventional materials. This definition can be extended when we introduce a degree of freedom by adding quantum elements such as quantum dots, cold atoms, Josephson junctions, and molecules, making metamaterials highly valuable for various quantum applications. Metamaterials have been used to achieve invisibility cloaking, super-resolution, energy harvesting, and sensing, among other applications. Most of these applications are performed in the classical regime. Metamaterials have gradually made their way into the quantum regime since the advent of quantum computing and quantum sensing and imaging. Quantum metamaterials are a relatively new technology, and their use in quantum information processing has proliferated. We restrict this study to quantum state manipulation and control, quantum entanglement, single photon generation, quantum state switching, quantum state engineering, quantum key distribution, quantum algorithms, orbital angular momentum, and quantum imaging. Considering these developments, we examine the theory, fabrication, and applications contributing to quantum information processing and how quantum metamaterials contribute to this field. We find that the ability to harness the unique properties of metamaterials to drive these applications is of great importance, as they have the potential to unlock new possibilities for revolutionizing quantum information processing, bringing the world closer to practical quantum technologies with unprecedented capabilities. We conclude by suggesting possible future research directions.
Quantum theory is expected to govern the electromagnetic properties of a quantum metamaterial, an artificially fabricated medium composed of many quantum objects acting as artificial atoms. Propagation of electromagnetic waves through such a medium is accompanied by excitations of intrinsic quantum transitions within individual meta-atoms and modes corresponding to the interactions between them. Here we demonstrate an experiment in which an array of double-loop type superconducting flux qubits is embedded into a microwave transmission line. We observe that in a broad frequency range the transmission coefficient through the metamaterial periodically depends on externally applied magnetic field. Field-controlled switching of the ground state of the meta-atoms induces a large suppression of the transmission. Moreover, the excitation of meta-atoms in the array leads to a large resonant enhancement of the transmission. We anticipate possible applications of the observed frequency-tunable transparency in superconducting quantum networks.
Superconducting quantum metamaterials extend the idea of their classical counterpart to a regime where their constituent meta-atoms are quantum objects, which can hold their quantum coherence for longer than the propagation time of light through the medium. In this work, we have realized a quantum metamaterial consisting of eight individually controllable superconducting transmon qubits, which are coupled to the mode continuum of a one-dimensional coplanar waveguide. This system can be described within the framework of waveguide-quantum electrodynamics, which predicates that the mutual interaction of the qubits with the waveguide gives rise to long-range interactions of the qubits. In spectroscopic measurements we observe the formation of super- and subradiant collective metamaterial excitations, as well as the emergence of a polaritonic band gap and study their dependence on the number of participating resonant qubits. We utilize the collective Autler-Townes splitting of the metamaterial to demonstrate control over its band gap. Furthermore, we exploit the control over the band structure for a first realization of slowly propagating light in the metamaterial. Our findings show that superconducting quantum metamaterials are a suitable platform to study fundamental excitations in solids and pave way to applications in quantum information processing like quantum memories.
Coherent control of quantum states is at the heart of implementing solid-state quantum processors and testing quantum mechanics at the macroscopic level. Despite significant progress made in recent years in controlling single- and bi-partite quantum systems, coherent control of quantum wave function in multipartite systems involving artificial solid-state qubits has been hampered due to the relatively short decoherence time and lack of precise control methods. Here we report the creation and coherent manipulation of quantum states in a tripartite quantum system, which is formed by a superconducting qubit coupled to two microscopic two-level systems (TLSs). The avoided crossings in the system's energy-level spectrum due to the qubit–TLS interaction act as tunable quantum beam splitters of wave functions. Our result shows that the Landau–Zener–Stückelberg interference has great potential in precise control of the quantum states in the tripartite system. Coherent control of solid-state multi-qubit systems is highly desirable for quantum information. Here the authors show coupling, and control through Landau–Zener interference, of a superconducting qubit and two microscopic two-level systems, creating an interesting platform for quantum computation.