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arXiv:1208.0818 · Physical Review B

Ultimate charge sensitivity and efficiency of a quantum point contact with a superposed input state

Kang-Ho Lee, Kicheon Kang

Published Jan 7, 2013• 0 citations
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Abstract

We address the ultimate charge detection scheme with a quantum point contact. It is shown that a superposed input state is necessary to exploit the full sensitivity of a quantum point contact detector. The coherence of the input state provides an improvement in charge sensitivity, and this improvement is a result of a fundamental property of the scattering matrix. Further, a quantum-limited (maximally efficient) detection is made possible by controlling the interference between the two output waves. Our scheme provides the ultimate sensitivity and efficiency of charge detection with a generic quantum point contact.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.87.045407

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We address the ultimate charge detection scheme with a quantum point contact. It is shown that a superposed input state is necessary to exploit the full sensitivity of a quantum point contact detector. The coherence of the input state provides an improvement in charge sensitivity, and this improvement is a result of a fundamental property of the scattering matrix. Further, a quantum-limited (maximally efficient) detection is made possible by controlling the interference between the two output waves. Our scheme provides the ultimate sensitivity and efficiency of charge detection with a generic quantum point contact.
We present a scheme for tuning two quantum point contacts as a quantum-limited charge detector. Based on the scattering matrix approach, we analyze a general condition of quantum-limited detection with a single-channel quantum detector possessing time-reversal symmetry. From this analysis we find that quantum-limited detection can be easily realized with two quantum point contacts connected in series, which is not possible if only a single quantum point contact is used. We also discuss the sensitivity enhancement due to multiple reflections of the two point contacts.
We present a scheme for high-sensitivity and high-efficiency charge detection in the integer quantum-Hall regime using two point contacts in series. The setup is an electronic analog of an optical Fabry-Perot interferometer. We show that for small transmission through the point contacts the sensitivity of the interferometer is very high due to multiple reflections at the point contacts. The sensitivity can be further enhanced twice by using electrons in spin-entangled state. We show that for point contacts having different reflection probabilities, the detector can be tuned for the quantum-limited measurement.
We investigate the effect of the charge state measurement of the Kondo singlet in a quantum dot transistor via a capacitively coupled quantum point contact detector. By employing the variational ansatz for the singlet ground state of the quantum dot combined with the density matrix formulation for the coupled system, we show that the coherent Kondo singlet is destroyed by the phase-sensitive as well as the current-sensitive detection in the transmission and reflection coefficients at the quantum point contact. We argue that the phase-sensitive component of the decoherence rate may explain the anomalous features observed in a recent experiment by Avinun-Kalish et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 156801 (2004)]. We also discuss the correlations of the shot noise at the quantum point contact detector and the decoherence in the quantum dot.
We have operated a quantum point contact (QPC) charge detector in a radio frequency (RF) mode that allows fast charge detection in a bandwidth of tens of megahertz. We find that the charge sensitivity of the RF-QPC is limited not by the noise of a secondary amplifier, but by non-equilibrium noise f the QPC itself. We have performed frequency-resolved measurements of the noise within a 10 MHz bandwidth around our carrier wave. When averaged over our bandwidth, we find that the noise is in good agreement with the theory of photon-assisted shot noise. Our measurements also reveal strong frequency dependence of the noise, asymmetry with respect to the carrier wave, the appearance of sharp local maxima that are correlated with mechanical degrees of freedom in the sample, and noise suppression indicative of many-body physics near the 0.7 structure.
Quantum detector properties of the quantum point contact (QPC) are analyzed for an arbitrary electron transparency and coupling strength to the measured system and are shown to be determined by the electron counting statistics. Conditions of the quantum-limited operation of the QPC detector, which prevent information loss through the scattering time and scattering phases, are found for arbitrary coupling. We show that the phase information can be restored and used for the quantum-limited detection by inclusion of the QPC detector in the electronic Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
We investigate properties of charge detection and detection-induced dephasing of a charge qubit interacting with an electron beam collider composed of a quantum point contact. We predict that the interference of the qubit is fully restored when the two inputs are identically biased so that all the electrons suffer two-electron collision, unlike the case without collision. This phenomenon is related to Fermi statistics and illustrates the peculiar nonlocality of dephasing. We also describe the detection properties of entangled electron pairs. For singlet pairs, the sensitivity of charge detection is enhanced which originates from the bunching behavior of electrons. This demonstrates that control of exchange statistics of particles can help sensitive charge detection.