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arXiv:1207.5095

Simulation of magnetoresistance in disordered ultracold atomic Bose gases

Joseph Towers, Sam Cormack, David A. W. Hutchinson

Published Jul 21, 2012• 0 citations
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Abstract

Anderson localization was first investigated in the context of electrons in solids. One of the successes was in explaining the puzzle of negative magneto-resistance - as early as the 1940s it had been observed that electron diffusion rates in some materials can increase with the application of a magnetic field. Anderson localization has now been demonstrated in ultra-cold atomic gases. We present a theoretical study of the two-dimensional ultra-cold Bose gas in the presence of disorder, to which we apply a synthetic magnetic field. We demonstrate that, in the ballistic transport regime this leads to positive magneto-resistance and that, in the diffusive and strong localization regimes, can also lead to negative magneto-resistance. We propose experimental scenarios to observe these effects.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1207.5095

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Anderson localization was first investigated in the context of electrons in solids. One of the successes was in explaining the puzzle of negative magneto-resistance - as early as the 1940s it had been observed that electron diffusion rates in some materials can increase with the application of a magnetic field. Anderson localization has now been demonstrated in ultra-cold atomic gases. We present a theoretical study of the two-dimensional ultra-cold Bose gas in the presence of disorder, to which we apply a synthetic magnetic field. We demonstrate that, in the ballistic transport regime this leads to positive magneto-resistance and that, in the diffusive and strong localization regimes, can also lead to negative magneto-resistance. We propose experimental scenarios to observe these effects.
Experiments have been conducted observing Anderson localisation in a two-dimensional ultracold gas. The atomic transport of a Rb87 Bose-Einstein condensate through a dumbbell shaped optical trap was examined, with a connecting channel containing impurities providing the only path. We have utilised a synthetic gauge field to demonstrate, theoretically, negative magneto-resistance in systems comparable to these experiments. This pro- vides us with strong evidence for the existence of Anderson localisation, an intriguing interference phenomenon, in these systems. Similar systems are examined with impurities distributed periodically, contrasting the ran- dom distributions required for Anderson localisation. It is demonstrated, through a comparison to the periodic case, that the negative magneto- resistance observed must be the result of the destruction of Anderson local- isation. Corresponding localisation lengths are also examined. We see that under that application of a synthetic gauge field, localisation lengths in- crease. A BEC localised within the channel can become delocalised on that scale with the application of a synthetic gauge field, with the correspond- ing localisation length transitioning from smaller than the channel length to larger. Experimental verification of our theoretical predictions would provide strong evidence confirming the existence of Anderson localisation in the experiments.
We use numerical simulation to study ultracold, quantum degenerate, atomic gases. In the first part of the thesis we study the effects of disorder, introduced via a bichromatic optical lattice, in one and two dimensional systems. We employ the Aubry-Andr\'{e} model and use time-dependent numerical simulations to investigate the disorder dependent transition to strong localisation present in the model. Weak s-wave interactions are added to the model and we observe the interaction between localisation and interaction induced self-trapping. We then add a tilted lattice potential to the model. In the homogeneous model this induces Bloch oscillations. While one might expect that a strong enough force will break the strong localisation or self-trapping, within the bounds of the single-band model, the trapping effect of the Bloch oscillations reinforces both of the other effects leading to increased confinement, albeit lacking the clear single frequency oscillation signature of pure Bloch oscillations. Along with the two dimensional bichromatic optical lattice we add a term to the Hamiltonian equivalent to that of a uniform external magnetic field on charged particles. Since the experimental realisation of this model would employ neutral atoms, the magnetic field is synthetic, the equivalent effect being produced by an appropriate set of lasers and magnetic fields. We show that in the ballistic regime (weak bichromatic disorder) the system displays positive magnetoresistance. Conversely in the strong localisation regime the system exhibits negative magnetoresistance. In the latter part of the thesis we use density functional theory to calculate the ground-state density of a harmonically trapped dipolar Fermi gas. We then use these to calculate the lowest energy collective mode oscillation frequencies under the hydrodynamic approximation. We find that increasing the strength of the dipoles has the effect of increasing the mode frequencies. The increase saturates for large dipole strengths. We verify this analytically and show that such is due to the local nature of the two dimensional energy functional and not dependent on the specific equation of state. We employ an average density approximation to construct an energy functional for the inhomogeneous, 2D degenerate Fermi gas. The ground-state densities for a cylindrically symmetric harmonic trap are compared to the Kohn-Sham results, showing extremely good agreement in the tail region and good agreement with the exact ground-state energy. We then do the same for higher order polynomial traps and obtain improved agreement for higher degree.
We consider the phase coherent transport of a quasi-one-dimensional beam of Bose-Einstein condensed particles through a disordered potential of length LLL. Among the possible different types of flow we identified [T. Paul, P. Schlagheck, P. Leboeuf, and N. Pavloff, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 210602 (2007)], we focus here on the supersonic stationary regime where Anderson localization exists. We generalize the diffusion formalism of Dorokhov-Mello-Pereyra-Kumar to include interaction effects. It is shown that interactions modify the localization length and also introduce a length scale ${L}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ for the disordered region, above which most of the realizations of the random potential lead to time-dependent flows. A Fokker-Planck equation for the probability density of the transmission coefficient that takes this effect into account is introduced and solved. The theoretical predictions are verified numerically for different types of disordered potentials. Experimental scenarios for observing our predictions are discussed.
We analyze the role of impurities in the fractional quantum Hall effect using a highly controllable system of ultracold atoms. We investigate the mechanism responsible for the formation of plateaux in the resistivity/conductivity as a function of the applied magnetic field in the lowest Landau level regime. To this aim, we consider an impurity immersed in a small cloud of an ultracold quantum Bose gas subjected to an artificial magnetic field. We consider scenarios corresponding to experimentally realistic systems with gauge fields induced by rotation of the trapping parabolic potential. Systems of this kind are adequate to simulate quantum Hall effects in ultracold atom setups. We use exact diagonalization for few atoms and to emulate transport equations, we analyze the time evolution of the system under a periodic perturbation. We provide a theoretical proposal to detect the up-to-now elusive presence of strongly correlated states related to fractional filling factors in the context of ultracold atoms. We analyze the conditions under which these strongly correlated states are associated with the presence of the resistivity/conductivity plateaux. Our main result is the presence of a plateau in a region, where the transfer between localized and non-localized particles takes place, as a necessary condition to maintain a constant value of the resistivity/conductivity as the magnetic field increases.
Topic of the thesis is a theoretical description of the ultracold atomic gases in one- and two-dimensional optical lattices in the presence of the disorder leading to the Anderson localization. The disorder is created by interaction of the main fraction of atoms with the second immobilized fraction distributed randomly over the lattice. In low-dimensional systems there is no transition from the Anderson localized to the conducting phase, although in the presence of correlations a discrete set of extended states can exist. The first part of the thesis is devoted to properties of such states. In the finite size lattices, the presence of those states results in the appearance of `windows of transport' -- energy ranges, in which the localization length is longer than the system size.The analytical method of determining the extended states energies for correlations of generalized NNN-mers type is presented, along with a proof that indeed those states are extended in the infinite system. Subsequently, the way of experimental creation of this type of correlations is proposed, as well as the technique of generation of the disorder in the tunneling amplitudes, which significantly enhances tunability of the proposed energy filters. The second part of the thesis describes the method which allows to simulate a specific type of the disorder: random magnetic field. Systems of such a class, created in a two dimensional lattice using simultaneous fast periodic modulation of the lattice height and interactions with immobilized species, may allow in future to investigate the range of topics from the condensed matter physics, for example fractional quantum Hall effect at half-filling. In the thesis, the most interesting features observed upon investigation of such systems are presented. Especially, the anomalously low localization length for correlated disorder is explained.