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arXiv:1207.3716 · Physical Review A

Fractional quantum Hall physics with ultracold Rydberg gases in artificial gauge fields

Fabian Grusdt, Michael Fleischhauer

Published Apr 23, 2013• 29 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study ultracold Rydberg-dressed Bose gases subject to artificial gauge fields in the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) regime. The characteristics of the Rydberg interaction give rise to interesting many-body ground states different from standard FQH physics in the lowest Landau level. The nonlocal but rapidly decreasing interaction potential favors crystalline ground states for very dilute systems. While a simple Wigner crystal becomes energetically favorable compared to the Laughlin liquid for filling fractions $\ensuremath{\nu}<1/12$, a correlated crystal of composite particles emerges already for $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\le}1/6$ with a large energy gap to the simple Wigner crystal. The presence of a new length scale, the Rydberg blockade radius ${a}_{B}$, gives rise to a bubble crystal phase for $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1/4$ when the average particle distance becomes less than ${a}_{B}$, which describes the region of saturated, almost constant interaction potential. For larger fillings indications for strongly correlated cluster liquids are found.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.87.043628

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We study ultracold Rydberg-dressed Bose gases subject to artificial gauge fields in the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) regime. The characteristics of the Rydberg interaction give rise to interesting many-body ground states different from standard FQH physics in the lowest Landau level. The nonlocal but rapidly decreasing interaction potential favors crystalline ground states for very dilute systems. While a simple Wigner crystal becomes energetically favorable compared to the Laughlin liquid for filling fractions \ensuremathν<1/12\ensuremath{\nu}<1/12\ensuremathν<1/12, a correlated crystal of composite particles emerges already for \ensuremathν\ensuremath≤1/6\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\le}1/6\ensuremathν\ensuremath≤1/6 with a large energy gap to the simple Wigner crystal. The presence of a new length scale, the Rydberg blockade radius aB{a}_{B}aB​, gives rise to a bubble crystal phase for \ensuremathν\ensuremath≲1/4\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1/4\ensuremathν\ensuremath≲1/4 when the average particle distance becomes less than aB{a}_{B}aB​, which describes the region of saturated, almost constant interaction potential. For larger fillings indications for strongly correlated cluster liquids are found.
We study ultracold Rydberg-dressed Bose gases subject to artificial gauge fields in the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) regime. The characteristics of the Rydberg interaction gives rise to interesting many-body ground states different from standard FQH physics in the lowest Landau level (LLL). The non-local but rapidly decreasing interaction potential favors crystalline ground states for very dilute systems. While a simple Wigner crystal becomes energetically favorable compared to the Laughlin liquid for filling fractions ν<1/12\nu<1/12ν<1/12, a correlated crystal of composite particles emerges already for ν≤1/6\nu \leq 1/6ν≤1/6 with a large energy gap to the simple Wigner crystal. The presence of a new length scale, the Rydberg blockade radius aBa_BaB​, gives rise to a bubble crystal phase for ν≲1/4\nu\lesssim 1/4ν≲1/4 when the average particle distance becomes less than aBa_BaB​, which describes the region of saturated, almost constant interaction potential. For larger fillings indications for strongly correlated cluster liquids are found.
Highly tunable platforms for realizing topological phases of matter are emerging from atomic and photonic systems and offer the prospect of designing interactions between particles. The shape of the potential, besides playing an important role in the competition between different fractional quantum Hall phases, can also trigger the transition to symmetry-broken phases, or even to phases where topological and symmetry-breaking order coexist. Here, we explore the phase diagram of an interacting bosonic model in the lowest Landau level at half filling as two-body interactions are tuned. Apart from the well-known Laughlin liquid, Wigner crystal, stripe, and bubble phases, we also find evidence of a phase that exhibits crystalline order at fractional filling per crystal site. The Laughlin liquid transits into this phase when pairs of bosons strongly repel each other at relative angular momentum 4ℏ. We show that such interactions can be achieved by dressing ground-state cold atoms with multiple different-parity Rydberg states.
The present thesis studies a variety of cold atomic systems in artificial gauge fields. In the first part we focus on fractional quantum Hall effects, asking whether interesting topological states can be realized with cold atoms. We start by making a close connection to solid-state systems and first consider fermionic atoms with dipolar interactions. Assuming the system to be in the Laughlin state, we evaluate the energy gap in the thermodynamic limit as a measure for the robustness of the state. We show that it can be increased by additionally applying a non-Abelian gauge field squeezing the Landau levels. We then switch to bosonic systems with repulsive contact interactions. Artificial magnetic fields for cold bosons have extensively been discussed before in the context of rotating Bose gases. We follow a different approach where the gauge field is due to an atom-laser coupling. Thus, transitions between different dressed states have to be included. They are shown to break the cylindrical symmetry of the system. Modifying the Laughlin state and the Moore-Read state accordingly, we determine the parameter regimes where they are good representations for the ground state of the system obtained via exact diagonalization. One of the most interesting feature of fractional quantum Hall states is the anyonic behavior of their excitations. We therefore also study quasiholes in the Laughlin state and the modified Laughlin state. They are shown to posses anyonic properties, which become manifest even in small systems. Moreover, the dynamics of a single quasihole causes visible traces in the density of the system which allow to clearly distinguish the Laughlin regime from less correlated phases. In the latter, a sequence of collapses and revivals of the quasihole can be observed, which is absent in the Laughlin regime. Extending our study to bosonic systems with a pesudospin-1/2 degree of freedom, we discuss the formation of strongly correlated spin singlets. Strikingly, at filling v=4/3, the system is described by a state with non-Abelian excitations, which is constructed as the zero-energy ground state of repulsive three-body contact interactions. Systems with internal degrees of freedom also allow for implementing artificial spin-orbit coupling. It is shown to give rise to a variety of incompressible states. In the second part of the thesis, we concentrate on condensed system. Bose-Einstein condensates with spin-orbit coupling are shown to have a degeneracy on the mean-field level, which is lifted by quantum and thermal fluctuations. The system becomes experimentally feasible in three dimensions, where the condensate depletion remains finite, and thus allow for an experimental observation of this order-by-disorder mechanism. Finally, we study the influence of Abelian and non-Abelian gauge fields on the quantum phase transitions of bosons in a square optical lattice. Re-entrant superfluid phases and superfluids at finite momenta are interesting properties featured by such systems.
Strongly interacting topological matter exhibits fundamentally new phenomena with potential applications in quantum information technology. Emblematic instances are fractional quantum Hall states, where the interplay of magnetic fields and strong interactions gives rise to fractionally charged quasi-particles, long-ranged entanglement, and anyonic exchange statistics. Progress in engineering synthetic magnetic fields has raised the hope to create these exotic states in controlled quantum systems. However, except for a recent Laughlin state of light, preparing fractional quantum Hall states in engineered systems remains elusive. Here, we realize a fractional quantum Hall (FQH) state with ultracold atoms in an optical lattice. The state is a lattice version of a bosonic ν=1/2ν=1/2ν=1/2 Laughlin state with two particles on sixteen sites. This minimal system already captures many hallmark features of Laughlin-type FQH states: we observe a suppression of two-body interactions, we find a distinctive vortex structure in the density correlations, and we measure a fractional Hall conductivity of σH/σ0=0.6(2)σ_\text{H}/σ_0= 0.6(2)σH​/σ0​=0.6(2) via the bulk response to a magnetic perturbation. Furthermore, by tuning the magnetic field we map out the transition point between the normal and the FQH regime through a spectroscopic probe of the many-body gap. Our work provides a starting point for exploring highly entangled topological matter with ultracold atoms.
We study the fractional quantum Hall phases of a pseudospin-1/2 Bose gas in an artificial gauge field. In addition to an external magnetic field, the gauge field mimics an intrinsic spin–orbit coupling of the Rashba type. While the spin degeneracy of the Landau levels is lifted by the spin–orbit coupling, the crossing of two Landau levels at certain coupling strengths gives rise to a new degeneracy. We therefore take into account two Landau levels and perform exact diagonalization of the many-body Hamiltonian. We study and characterize the quantum Hall phases which occur in the vicinity of the degeneracy point. Notably, we describe the different states appearing at the Laughlin fillings, ν = 1/2 and ν = 1/4. While for these filling factors incompressible phases disappear at the degeneracy point, we find gaps in the spectra of denser systems at ν = 3/2 and ν = 2. For filling factors ν = 2/3 and ν = 4/3, we discuss the connection of the exact ground states to the non-Abelian spin singlet states, obtained as the ground states of ( k + 1)-body contact interactions.
While it is generally believed that a crystal state is favored at filling factors ν<1/6\nu< 1/6ν<1/6 in the lowest Landau level, experiments show, at elevated temperatures, minima in the longitudinal resistance that are associated with fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) at the standard sequences ν=n/(6n±1)\nu=n/(6n\pm 1)ν=n/(6n±1) and ν=n/(8n±1)\nu=n/(8n\pm 1)ν=n/(8n±1). To address this paradox, we investigate the nature of the state at filling factors ν=1/7\nu=1/7ν=1/7, 1/9, 1/11 and 2/13 by several methods and find that the competition between the crystal and liquid states is more subtle than previously thought. Exact diagonalization study in the spherical geometry shows behavior consistent with an FQHE liquid for system sizes available. Density matrix renormalization group study in the cylindrical geometry shows that the nature of the state depends on the particle number, with crystal favored for certain particle numbers but not all; these studies do not allow us to make conclusive statements regarding the thermodynamic nature of the state. A variational study shows that the composite-fermion crystal and the renormalized FQHE liquid are very close in energy. Based on these studies, it is not possible to rule out, definitively, an FQHE liquid with strong short-range crystalline correlations at these filling factors.