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arXiv:1207.0585 · Physical Review A

Quantum computer networks with the orbital angular momentum of light

Juan Carlos García-Escartín, Pedro Chamorro‐Posada

Published Sep 25, 2012• 29 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Inside computer networks, different information processing tasks are necessary to deliver the user data efficiently. This processing can also be done in the quantum domain. We present simple optical quantum networks where the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of a single photon is used as an ancillary degree of freedom which controls decisions at the network level. Linear optical elements are enough to provide important network primitives such as multiplexing and routing. First we show how to build a simple multiplexer and demultiplexer which combine photonic qubits and separate them again at the receiver. We also give two different self-routing networks where the OAM of an input photon is enough to make it find its desired destination.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.86.032334

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Inside computer networks, different information processing tasks are necessary to deliver the user data efficiently. This processing can also be done in the quantum domain. We present simple optical quantum networks where the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of a single photon is used as an ancillary degree of freedom which controls decisions at the network level. Linear optical elements are enough to provide important network primitives such as multiplexing and routing. First we show how to build a simple multiplexer and demultiplexer which combine photonic qubits and separate them again at the receiver. We also give two different self-routing networks where the OAM of an input photon is enough to make it find its desired destination.
The orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons offers a suitable support to carry the quantum data of multiple users. We present two optical setups that send the information of nnn quantum communication parties through the same free-space optical link. Those qubits can be sent simultaneously and share path, wavelength, and polarization without interference, increasing the communication capacity of the system. The first solution, a qubit combiner, merges nnn channels into the same link, which transmits nnn independent photons. The second solution, the OAM multiplexer, uses controlled-not (CNOT\mathrm{CNOT}CNOT) gates to transfer the information of nnn optical channels to a single photon. Additional applications of the multiplexer circuits, such as quantum arithmetic, as well as connections to OAM sorting are discussed.
Optical networks implementing single-qudit quantum gates may exhibit superior properties to those for qubits as each optical element in the network can work in parallel on many optical modes simultaneously. We present a class of such networks that implements in a deterministic and efficient way the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) in an arbitrarily high dimension. These networks redistribute the initial quantum state into the orbital angular momentum (OAM) and path degrees of freedom and offer two modes of operation. Either the OAM-only QFT can be implemented, which uses the path as an internal auxiliary degree of freedom, or the path-only QFT is implemented, which uses the OAM as the auxiliary degree of freedom. The resources for both schemes scale linearly O(d)O(d)O(d) with the dimension ddd of the system, beating the best known bounds for the path-encoded QFT. While the QFT of the orbital-angular-momentum states of single photons has been applied in a multitude of experiments, these schemes require specially designed elements with nontrivial phase profiles. In contrast, we propose a different approach that utilizes only conventional optical elements.
Among all degrees of freedom offered by single photons, the orbital angular momentum (OAM) has a great potential in the quantum information field, as it provides a natural choice for implementing single-photon qudits, the units of quantum information in a higher dimensional space. This can be an important practical advantage, as it enables higher security in quantum cryptographic protocols, as well as implications in fundamental quantum mechanics theory. Moreover, the combined use of different degrees of freedom of a photon, such as OAM and spin, enables the implementation of entirely new quantum tasks.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement states have great potential in enhancing the information capacity in quantum communications. To make full use of the OAM degree of freedom, the measurement and distinction of OAM Bell states become a key step that needs to be accomplished. However, there is still no solution to achieve complete distinction of OAM Bell states at the single-photon level. Here we demonstrate the complete OAM Bell-state measurement without auxiliary photons by using linear optics. Furthermore, we propose a quantum communication network via OAM Bell-state multiplexing, perform a proof-of-principle experiment in the first- and second-order OAM subspaces for two users, and achieve average success probabilities of obtaining information of 91.6% for User-I and 89.1% for User-II. In principle, our scheme allows more users to be added by using high-order OAM Bell states. Our research extends the manipulation method for high-dimensional quantum states and paves the way for the application of OAM multiplexing in quantum communications.
Quantum router is an essential element in the quantum network. Here, we present a fully quantum router based on interaction free measurement and quantum dots. The signal photonic qubit can be routed to different output ports according to one control electronic qubit. Besides, our scheme is an interferometric method capable of routing single photons carrying either spin angular momentum (SAM) or orbital angular momentum (OAM), or simultaneously carrying SAM and OAM. Then we describe a cascaded multi-level quantum router to construct a one-to-many quantum router. Subsequently we analyze the success probability by using a tunable controlled phase gate. The implementation issues are also discussed to show that this scheme is feasible.
Abstract Electromagnetic waves have both spin momentum and orbital angular momentum (OAM). Light carrying OAM has broad applications in micro-particle manipulation, high-precision optical metrology, and potential high-capacity optical communications. In the concept of quantum information, a photon encoded with information in its OAM degree of freedom enables quantum networks to carry much more information and increase their channel capacity greatly compared with those of current technology because of the inherent infinite dimensions for OAM. Quantum memories are indispensable to construct quantum networks. Storing OAM states has attracted considerable attention recently, and many important advances in this direction have been achieved during the past few years. Here we review recent experimental realizations of quantum memories using OAM states, including OAM qubits and qutrits at true single photon level, OAM states entangled in a two-dimensional or a high-dimensional space, hyperentanglement and hybrid entanglement consisting of OAM and other degree of freedom in a physical system. We believe that all achievements described here are very helpful to study quantum information encoded in a high-dimensional space.