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arXiv:1207.0088 · Physical Review B

Large-scale maximal entanglement and Majorana bound states in coupled circuit quantum electrodynamic systems

Myung-Joong Hwang, Mahn‐Soo Choi

Published Mar 7, 2013• 16 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study the effect of ultrastrong cavity-qubit coupling on the low-lying excitations of a chain of coupled circuit quantum electrodynamic (QED) systems. We show that, in the presence of the onsite ultrastrong coupling, the photon hopping between cavities can be mapped to the Ising interaction between the lowest two levels of individual circuit QED of the chain. Based on our mapping, we predict two nearly degenerate ground states whose wave functions involve maximal entanglement between the macroscopic quantum states of the cavities and the states of qubits and identify that they are mathematically equivalent to Majorana bound states. Further, we devise a scheme for the dispersive measurement of the ground states using an additional resonator attached to one end of the circuit QED chain. Finally, we discuss the effects of disorders and local noises on the coherence of the ground states.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.87.125404

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We study effective light-matter interactions in a circuit QED system consisting of a single LCLCLC resonator, which is coupled symmetrically to multiple superconducting qubits. Starting from a minimal circuit model, we demonstrate that, in addition to the usual collective qubit-photon coupling, the resulting Hamiltonian contains direct qubit-qubit interactions, which have a drastic effect on the ground- and excited-state properties of such circuits in the ultrastrong-coupling regime. In contrast to the superradiant phase transition expected from the standard Dicke model, we find an opposite mechanism, which at very strong interactions completely decouples the photon mode and projects the qubits into a highly entangled ground state. These findings resolve previous controversies over the existence of superradiant phases in circuit QED, but they more generally show that the physics of two- or multiatom cavity QED settings can differ significantly from what is commonly assumed.
Abstract We investigate the dynamics of entanglement, steerability, and Bell non-locality in a circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED) system of two identical superconducting qubits coupled to a cavity, modeled via a rigorous global master equation to ensure validity in the ultrastrong coupling (USC) regime. Subject to dephasing, spontaneous emission, and cavity loss, our analysis reveals several key findings. First, we observe a consistent numerical ordering of robustness using generalized measures for arbitrary quantum states, where entanglement persists significantly longer than steerability, and Bell non-locality is the most fragile resource. We emphasise that this observed ordering reflects the specific circuit-QED model and Markovian noise parameterisation studied here, and should not be interpreted as a proven general hierarchy for arbitrary states or measures. Second, comparing pure and mixed Werner initial states, we demonstrate that operating in the USC regime is highly advantageous, inducing pronounced, coherent revivals that preserve quantum correlations. Third, we clarify the nuanced role of the qubit mixing angle, which modulates the dynamics of initially entangled states and decisively suppresses the generation of correlations from the ground state at a key symmetry point. Our results underscore that preparing a maximally entangled initial state is a crucial prerequisite for robustness, offering quantitative guidance for engineering resilient quantum states in noisy circuit QED systems.
We investigate theoretically how the spectroscopy of an ancillary qubit can probe cavity (circuit) QED ground states containing photons. We consider three classes of systems (Dicke, Tavis-Cummings, and Hopfield-like models), where nontrivial vacua are the result of ultrastrong coupling between N two-level systems and a single-mode bosonic field. An ancillary qubit detuned with respect to the boson frequency is shown to reveal distinct spectral signatures depending on the type of vacua. In particular, the Lamb shift of the ancilla is sensitive to both ground state photon population and correlations. Backaction of the ancilla on the cavity ground state is investigated, taking into account the dissipation via a consistent master equation for the ultrastrong coupling regime. The conditions for high-fidelity measurements are determined.
Cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) investigates the interaction between resonator-confined radiation and natural atoms. Similar phenomena can be explored using superconducting artificial atoms coupled to microwave resonators. Here, we examine incoherent and coherent spectra in a circuit QED system consisting of a flux qubit coupled to an LC resonator, considering different coupling configurations to the output transmission line. Although such systems can be effectively described by the quantum Rabi model, we demonstrate that the choice of the coupling between the resonator and the input-output channel can significantly affect the emission properties, particularly in the ultrastrong coupling regime. Specifically, we show that when the resonator is capacitively coupled with the input-output transmission line, the spectral features at zero flux offset can be mapped onto those of the cavity QED model. However, this correspondence breaks down for the mutual inductive coupling case. Extending our analysis to the parity-symmetry broken regime of the flux qubit, we further highlight how capacitive and inductive coupling mechanisms lead to distinct spectral features, emphasizing the necessity of a careful input-output treatment for an accurate description of the emission processes.
We study effective light-matter interactions in a circuit QED system consisting of a single LCLCLC resonator, which is coupled symmetrically to multiple superconducting qubits. Starting from a minimal circuit model, we demonstrate that in addition to the usual collective qubit-photon coupling the resulting Hamiltonian contains direct qubit-qubit interactions, which prevent the otherwise expected superradiant phase transition in the ground state of this system. Moreover, these qubit-qubit interactions are responsible for an opposite mechanism, which at very strong couplings completely decouples the photon mode and projects the qubits into a highly entangled ground state. These findings shed new light on the controversy over the existence of superradiant phase transitions in cavity and circuit QED systems, and show that the physics of ultrastrong light-matter interactions in two- or multi-qubit settings differ drastically from the more familiar one qubit case.
We study a circuit QED setup where multiple superconducting qubits are ultrastrongly coupled to a single radio-frequency resonator. In this extreme parameter regime of cavity QED the dynamics of the electromagnetic mode is very slow compared to all other relevant timescales and can be described as an effective particle moving in an adiabatic energy landscape defined by the qubits. The focus of this paper is placed on settings with two or multiple qubits, where different types of symmetry-breaking transitions in the ground- and excited-state potentials can occur. Specifically, we show how the change in the level structure and the wave-packet dynamics associated with these transition points can be probed via conventional excitation spectra and Ramsey measurements performed at GHz frequencies. More generally, this analysis demonstrates that state-of-the-art circuit QED systems can be used to access a whole range of particlelike quantum-mechanical phenomena beyond the usual paradigm of coupled qubits and oscillators.