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arXiv:1206.4945

How to Transfer between Arbitrary $n$-Qubit Quantum States by Coherent Control and Simplest Switchable Noise on a Single Qubit

Ville Bergholm, T. Schulte-Herbrueggen

Published Jun 21, 2012• 8 citations
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Abstract

We explore reachable sets of open $n$-qubit quantum systems, the coherent parts of which are under full unitary control and that have just one qubit whose Markovian noise amplitude can be modulated in time such as to provide an additional degree of incoherent control. In particular, adding bang-bang control of amplitude damping noise (non-unital) allows the dynamic system to act transitively on the entire set of density operators. This means one can transform any initial quantum state into any desired target state. Adding switchable bit-flip noise (unital), on the other hand, suffices to explore all states majorised by the initial state. We have extended our open-loop optimal control algorithm (DYNAMO package) by such degrees of incoherent control so that these unprecedented reachable sets can systematically be exploited in experiments. As illustrated for an ion trap experimental setting, open-loop control with noise switching can accomplish all state transfers one can get by the more complicated measurement-based closed-loop feedback schemes.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1206.4945

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How to Transfer between Arbitrary nnn-Qubit Quantum States by Coherent Control and Simplest Switchable Noise on a Single Qubit
We explore reachable sets of open nnn-qubit quantum systems, the coherent parts of which are under full unitary control and that have just one qubit whose Markovian noise amplitude can be modulated in time such as to provide an additional degree of incoherent control. In particular, adding bang-bang control of amplitude damping noise (non-unital) allows the dynamic system to act transitively on the entire set of density operators. This means one can transform any initial quantum state into any desired target state. Adding switchable bit-flip noise (unital), on the other hand, suffices to explore all states majorised by the initial state. We have extended our open-loop optimal control algorithm (DYNAMO package) by such degrees of incoherent control so that these unprecedented reachable sets can systematically be exploited in experiments. As illustrated for an ion trap experimental setting, open-loop control with noise switching can accomplish all state transfers one can get by the more complicated measurement-based closed-loop feedback schemes.
We study the reachable sets of open n-qubit quantum systems, the coherent parts of which are under full unitary control, with time-modulable Markovian noise acting on a single qubit as an additional degree of incoherent control. In particular, adding bang-bang control of amplitude damping noise (non-unital) allows the dynamic system to act transitively on the entire set of density operators. This means one can transform any initial quantum state into any desired target state. Adding switchable bit-flip noise (unital), on the other hand, suffices to explore all states majorised by the initial state. We have extended our open-loop optimal control package DYNAMO to also handle incoherent control so that these unprecedented reachable sets can systematically be exploited in experiments. We propose implementation by a GMon, a superconducting device with fast tunable coupling to an open transmission line, and illustrate how open-loop control with noise switching can accomplish all state transfers without the need for measurement-based closed-loop feedback schemes with a resettable ancilla.
We study reachable sets of open n-qubit quantum systems, whose coherent parts are under full unitary control, by adding as a further degree of incoherent control switchable Markovian noise on a single qubit. In particular, adding bang-bang control of amplitude damping noise (non-unital) allows the dynamic system to act transitively on the entire set of density operators. Thus one can transform any initial quantum state into any desired target state. Adding switchable bit-flip noise (unital) instead suffices to get all states majorised by the initial state. Our open-loop optimal control package DYNAMO is extended by incoherent control to exploit these unprecedented reachable sets in experiments. We propose implementation by a GMon, a superconducting device with fast tunable coupling to an open transmission line, and illustrate how open-loop control with noise switching achieves all state transfers without measurement-based closed-loop feedback and resettable ancilla.
A robust incoherent quantum control scheme via projective measurements plus unitary transformations is proposed for driving a qubit system from an unknown initial mixed state to an arbitrary target pure state. This scheme consists of two main steps: projective measurement on the initial mixed state and optimal control between two pure states. The first step projects the initial state into an eigenstate of the qubit system by projective measurement and guarantees that the proposed scheme is robust to different initial mixed states. The second step finds a set of suitable optimal controls to drive the qubit system from the conditional eigenstate to the target pure state. The connection between the two steps is accomplished by a switching strategy. To accomplish the second step, two approaches are presented in detail. These approaches are time-optimal transition with unbounded control and bang-bang control with minimal switches. The minimal time and minimal number of switches in these approaches can be calculated by simple analytical expressions. The proposed approaches provide two relatively straightforward optimal design methods.
We study reachable sets of coherently controllable open quantum systems with switchable coupling of two models: we show that finite-dimensional systems coupled to a temperature-zero bath allow for approximately generating every quantum state from every initial state. Also studying d-majorization yields an upper bound for non-zero temperature. Then we consider infinite-dimensional open systems following a unital evolution. For arbitrary drift, bounded control Hamiltonians, and noise generated by a compact normal operator, one can approximately reach any state majorized by the initial one.
In quantum systems theory one of the fundamental problems boils down to: Given an initial state, which final states can be reached by the dynamic system in question? Formulated in the framework of bilinear control systems, the evolution shall be governed by an inevitable Hamiltonian drift term, finitely many control Hamiltonians allowing for (at least) piecewise constant control amplitudes, plus a (possibly bang-bang switchable) noise term in Kossakowski-Lindblad form. Now assuming switchable coupling of finite-dimensional systems to a thermal bath of arbitrary temperature, the core problem of reachability boils down to studying points in the standard simplex amenable to two types of controls that can be used interleaved: Permutations within the simplex, and contractions by a dissipative one-parameter semigroup. We illustrate how the solutions of the core problem pertain to the reachable set of the original controlled Markovian quantum system. This allows us to show that for global as well as local switchable coupling to a temperature-zero bath one can generate every quantum state from every initial state up to arbitrary precision. Moreover we present an inclusion for non-zero temperatures as a consequence of our results on d-majorization. Then we consider infinite-dimensional open quantum-dynamical systems following a unital Kossakowski-Lindblad master equation extended by controls. Here the drift Hamiltonian can be arbitrary, the finitely many control Hamiltonians are bounded, and the switchable noise term is generated by a single compact normal operator. Via new majorization results of ours, we show that such bilinear quantum control systems allow to approximately reach any target state majorized by the initial one, as up to now only has been known in finite-dimensional analogues.
Which quantum states can be reached by controlling open Markovian nnn-level quantum systems? Here, we address reachable sets of coherently controllable quantum systems with switchable coupling to a thermal bath of temperature TTT. The core problem reduces to a toy model of studying points in the standard simplex allowing for two types of controls: (i) permutations within the simplex, (ii) contractions by a dissipative semigroup. By illustration, we put the problem into context and show how toy-model solutions pertain to the reachable set of the original controlled Markovian quantum system. Beyond the case T=0T=0T=0 (amplitude damping) we present new results for 0<T<∞0 <T < \infty0<T<∞ using methods of ddd-majorisation.