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arXiv:1206.2536 · Physical Review A

Entropic trade-off relations for quantum operations

Wojciech Roga, Zbigniew Puchała, Łukasz Rudnicki, Karol Życzkowski

Published Mar 7, 2013• 23 citations
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Abstract

Spectral properties of an arbitrary matrix can be characterized by the entropy of its rescaled singular values. Any quantum operation can be described by the associated dynamical matrix or by the corresponding superoperator. The entropy of the dynamical matrix describes the degree of decoherence introduced by the map, while the entropy of the superoperator characterizes the a priori knowledge of the receiver of the outcome of a quantum channel $\ensuremath{\Phi}$. We prove that for any map acting on an $N$-dimensional quantum system the sum of both entropies is not smaller than $\mathrm{ln}N$. For any bistochastic map this lower bound reads $2\mathrm{ln}N$. We investigate also the corresponding R\'enyi entropies, providing an upper bound for their sum, and analyze the entanglement of the bi-partite quantum state associated with the channel.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.87.032308

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Spectral properties of an arbitrary matrix can be characterized by the entropy of its rescaled singular values. Any quantum operation can be described by the associated dynamical matrix or by the corresponding superoperator. The entropy of the dynamical matrix describes the degree of decoherence introduced by the map, while the entropy of the superoperator characterizes the a priori knowledge of the receiver of the outcome of a quantum channel \ensuremathΦ\ensuremath{\Phi}\ensuremathΦ. We prove that for any map acting on an NNN-dimensional quantum system the sum of both entropies is not smaller than lnN\mathrm{ln}NlnN. For any bistochastic map this lower bound reads 2lnN2\mathrm{ln}N2lnN. We investigate also the corresponding R'enyi entropies, providing an upper bound for their sum, and analyze the entanglement of the bi-partite quantum state associated with the channel.
Many important properties of quantum channels are quantified by means of entropic functionals. Characteristics of such a kind are closely related to different representations of a quantum channel. In the Jamiołkowski–Choi representation, the given quantum channel is described by the so-called dynamical matrix. Entropies of the rescaled dynamical matrix known as map entropies describe a degree of introduced decoherence. Within the so-called natural representation, the quantum channel is formally posed by another matrix, obtained as the reshuffling of the dynamical matrix. The corresponding entropies characterize an amount, with which the receiver a priori knows the channel output. As was previously shown, the map and receiver entropies are mutually complementary characteristics. Indeed, there exists a non-trivial lower bound on their sum. First, we extend the concept of receiver entropy to the family of unified entropies. Developing the previous results, we further derive non-trivial lower bounds on the sum of the map and receiver ( q , s )-entropies. The derivation is essentially based on some inequalities with the Schatten norms and anti-norms.
Many important properties of quantum channels are quantified by means of entropic functionals. Characteristics of such a kind are closely related to different representations of a quantum channel. In the Jamio{\l}kowski-Choi representation, the given quantum channel is described by the so-called dynamical matrix. Entropies of the rescaled dynamical matrix known as map entropies describe a degree of introduced decoherence. Within the so-called natural representation, the quantum channel is formally posed by another matrix obtained as reshuffling of the dynamical matrix. The corresponding entropies characterize an amount, with which the receiver a priori knows the channel output. As was previously shown, the map and receiver entropies are mutually complementary characteristics. Indeed, there exists a non-trivial lower bound on their sum. First, we extend the concept of receiver entropy to the family of unified entropies. Developing the previous results, we further derive non-trivial lower bounds on the sum of the map and receiver (q,s)(q,s)(q,s)-entropies. The derivation is essentially based on some inequalities with the Schatten norms and anti-norms.
We investigate decoherence induced by a quantum channel in terms of minimal output entropy and of map entropy. The latter is the von Neumann entropy of the Jamiolkowski state of the channel. Both quantities admit q-Renyi versions. We prove additivity of the map entropy for all q. For the case q = 2, we show that the depolarizing channel has the smallest map entropy among all channels with a given minimal output Renyi entropy of order two. This allows us to characterize pairs of channels such that the output entropy of their tensor product acting on a maximally entangled input state is larger than the sum of the minimal output entropies of the individual channels. We conjecture that for any channel Φ1 acting on a finite dimensional system there exists a class of channels Φ2 sufficiently close to a unitary map such that additivity of minimal output entropy for Ψ1 x Ψ2 holds.
The entropy of a quantum operation, defined as the von Neumann entropy of the corresponding Choi–Jamiołkowski state, characterizes the coupling of the principal system with the environment. For any quantum channel acting on a state of a given size, one defines the complementary channel, which sends the input state into the state of the environment after the operation. Making use of subadditivity of entropy, we show that for any dimension the sum of both entropies is bounded from below. This result characterizes the trade-off between the information on the initial quantum state accessible to the principal system and the information leaking to the environment. For one qubit maps we describe the interpolating family of depolarizing maps, for which the sum of both entropies gives the lower boundary of the region allowed in the space spanned by both entropies.
We investigate decoherence induced by a quantum channel in terms of minimal output entropy and map entropy. The latter is the von Neumann entropy of the Jamiołkowski state of the channel. Both quantities admit q-Renyi versions. We prove additivity of the map entropy for all q. For the case q = 2, we show that the depolarizing channel has the smallest map entropy among all channels with a given minimal output Renyi entropy of order two. This allows us to characterize pairs of channels such that the output entropy of their tensor product acting on a maximally entangled input state is larger than the sum of the minimal output entropies of the individual channels. We conjecture that for any channel Φ1acting on a finite dimensional system, there exists a class of channels Φ2sufficiently close to a unitary map such that additivity of minimal output entropy for Ψ1⊗ Ψ2holds.
Quantum channels, also called quantum operations, are linear, trace preserving and completely positive transformations in the space of quantum states. Such operations describe discrete time evolution of an open quantum system interacting with an environment. The thesis contains an analysis of properties of quantum channels and different entropies used to quantify the decoherence introduced into the system by a given operation. Part I of the thesis provides a general introduction to the subject. In Part II, the action of a quantum channel is treated as a process of preparation of a quantum ensemble. The Holevo information associated with this ensemble is shown to be bounded by the entropy exchanged during the preparation process between the initial state and the environment. A relation between the Holevo information and the entropy of an auxiliary matrix consisting of square root fidelities between the elements of the ensemble is proved in some special cases. Weaker bounds on the Holevo information are also established. The entropy of a channel, also called the map entropy, is defined as the entropy of the state corresponding to the channel by the Jamiolkowski isomorphism. In Part III of the thesis, the additivity of the entropy of a channel is proved. The minimal output entropy, which is difficult to compute, is estimated by an entropy of a channel which is much easier to obtain. A class of quantum channels is specified, for which additivity of channel capacity is conjectured. The last part of the thesis contains characterization of Davies channels, which correspond to an interaction of a state with a thermal reservoir in the week coupling limit, under the condition of quantum detailed balance and independence of rotational and dissipative evolutions. The Davies channels are characterized for one-qubit and one-qutrit systems.