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arXiv:1206.1472

Central Limit Theorems for Open Quantum Random Walks and Quantum Measurement Records

Stéphane Attal, Nadine Guillotin‐Plantard, Christophe Sabot

Published Jun 7, 2012• 14 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Open Quantum Random Walks, as developed in \cite{APSS}, are a quantum generalization of Markov chains on finite graphs or on lattices. These random walks are typically quantum in their behavior, step by step, but they seem to show up a rather classical asymptotic behavior, as opposed to the quantum random walks usually considered in Quantum Information Theory (such as the well-known Hadamard random walk). Typically, in the case of Open Quantum Random Walks on lattices, their distribution seems to always converge to a Gaussian distribution or a mixture of Gaussian distributions. In the case of nearest neighbors homogeneous Open Quantum Random Walks on $\ZZ^d$ we prove such a Central Limit Theorem, in the case where only one Gaussian distribution appears in the limit. Through the quantum trajectory point of view on quantum master equations, we transform the problem into studying a certain functional of a Markov chain on $\ZZ^d$ times the Banach space of quantum states. The main difficulty is that we know nothing about the invariant measures of this Markov chain, even their existence. Surprisingly enough, we are able to produce a Central Limit Theorem with explicit drift and explicit covariance matrix. The interesting point which appears with our construction and result is that it applies actually to a wider setup: it provides a Central Limit Theorem for the sequence of recordings of the quantum trajectories associated to any completely positive map. This is what we show and develop as an application of our result. In a second step we are able to extend our Central Limit Theorem to the case of several asymptotic Gaussians, in the case where the operator coefficients of the quantum walk are block-diagonal in a common basis.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1206.1472

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Open Quantum Random Walks, as developed in \cite{APSS}, are a quantum generalization of Markov chains on finite graphs or on lattices. These random walks are typically quantum in their behavior, step by step, but they seem to show up a rather classical asymptotic behavior, as opposed to the quantum random walks usually considered in Quantum Information Theory (such as the well-known Hadamard random walk). Typically, in the case of Open Quantum Random Walks on lattices, their distribution seems to always converge to a Gaussian distribution or a mixture of Gaussian distributions. In the case of nearest neighbors homogeneous Open Quantum Random Walks on \ZZd\ZZ^d\ZZd we prove such a Central Limit Theorem, in the case where only one Gaussian distribution appears in the limit. Through the quantum trajectory point of view on quantum master equations, we transform the problem into studying a certain functional of a Markov chain on \ZZd\ZZ^d\ZZd times the Banach space of quantum states. The main difficulty is that we know nothing about the invariant measures of this Markov chain, even their existence. Surprisingly enough, we are able to produce a Central Limit Theorem with explicit drift and explicit covariance matrix. The interesting point which appears with our construction and result is that it applies actually to a wider setup: it provides a Central Limit Theorem for the sequence of recordings of the quantum trajectories associated to any completely positive map. This is what we show and develop as an application of our result. In a second step we are able to extend our Central Limit Theorem to the case of several asymptotic Gaussians, in the case where the operator coefficients of the quantum walk are block-diagonal in a common basis.
Open Quantum Random Walks are the exact quantum generalization of Markov chains on finite graphs or on nets. These random walks are typically quantum in their behavior, step by step, but they seem to show up a rather classical asymptotic behavior, as opposed to the quantum random walks usually considered in Quantum Information Theory (such as the well-known Hadamard random walk). Typically, in the case of Open Quantum Random Walks on nets, their distribution seems to always converges to a Gaussian distribution or a mixture of Gaussian distributions. In the case of nearest neighbors homogeneous Open Quantum Random Walks on Z^d we prove such a Central Limit Theorem, in the case where only one Gaussian distribution appears in the limit. Through the quantum trajectory point of view on quantum master equations, we transform the problem into studying a certain functional of a Markov chain on Z^d times the Banach space of quantum states. The main difficulty is that we know nothing about the invariant measures of this Markov chain, even their existence. Surprisingly enough, we are able to produce a Central Limit Theorem with explicit drift and explicit covariance matrix. In a second step we are able to extend our Central Limit Theorem to the case of several asymptotic Gaussians, in the case where the operator coefficients of the quantum walk are block-diagonal in a common basis.
Abstract. We study open quantum random walks (OQRW) for which the underlying graph is a lattice, and the generators of the walk are translation-invariant. Using the results obtained recently in [5], we study the quantum trajectory associated with the OQRW, which is described by a position process and a state process. We obtain a central limit theorem and a large deviation principle for the position process. We study in detail the case of homogeneous OQRWs on a lattice, with internal space h = C2. 1
Open quantum walks (OQWs) describe a quantum walker on an underlying graph whose dynamics is purely driven by dissipation and decoherence. Mathematically, they are formulated as completely positive trace preserving (CPTP) maps on the space of density matrices for the walker on the graph. Any microscopically derived OQW must include the possibility of remaining on the same site on the graph when the map is applied. We extend the CPTP map to describe a lazy OQW. We derive a central limit theorem for lazy OQWs on a ddd-dimensional lattice, where the distribution converges to a Gaussian. We show that the properties of this Gaussian computed using conventional methods agree with the general formulas derived from our central limit theorem.
Abstract We consider homogeneous open quantum walks on a lattice with finite dimensional local Hilbert space and we study in particular the position process of the quantum trajectories of the walk. We prove that the properly rescaled position process asymptotically approaches a mixture of Gaussian measures. We can generalize the existing central limit type results and give more explicit expressions for the involved asymptotic quantities, dropping any additional condition on the walk. We use deformation and spectral techniques, together with reducibility properties of the local channel associated with the open quantum walk. Further, we can provide a large deviation principle in the case of a fast recurrent local channel and at least lower and upper bounds in the general case.
In this work we aim at proving central limit theorems for open quantum walks on Zd{\mathbb {Z}}^dZd . We study the case when there are various classes of vertices in the network. In particular, we investigate two ways of distributing the vertex classes in the network. First, we assign the classes in a regular pattern. Secondly, we assign each vertex a random class with a transition invariant distribution. For each way of distributing vertex classes, we obtain an appropriate central limit theorem, illustrated by numerical examples. These theorems may have application in the study of complex systems in quantum biology and dissipative quantum computation.
We prove annealed functional central limit theorems for finite pattern counts in the measurement record of discrete-time quantum trajectories, with the instrument applied at each step determined by an invertible, probability-preserving base dynamical system. When the base is ergodic, under summable strong-mixing coefficients of the instrument process and a summable uniform annealed trace-norm forgetting rate for the associated non-selective channel cocycle, we establish a joint functional CLT for bounded vector-valued functions of finite outcome blocks under the annealed law determined by the dynamically stationary state. We then extend this limit to every measurable random initial state, yielding a universal functional CLT with unchanged stationary centering and asymptotic covariance. We also provide practical sufficient criteria ensuring the existence and uniqueness of the dynamically stationary state and the required annealed trace-norm forgetting. We illustrate the results through a broad family of examples, including disordered walk-type models generated by finite group actions, measurement followed by preparation, and instruments with reset components. The results apply to general disordered quantum instruments and are not restricted to the perfect-measurement regime; they complement the law of large numbers established by Ekblad, Moreno-Nadales, and Pathirana (2026) for the same disordered setting and provide a disordered counterpart of the homogeneous CLT of Attal, Guillotin-Plantard, and Sabot (2014).