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arXiv:1205.5176 · Physical Review A

Deconfinement-induced collapse of a coherent array of dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates

Juliette Billy, E. A. L. Henn, S. Müller, Thomas Maier, Holger Kadau, Axel Griesmaier, M. Jona-Lasinio, Luis Santos, Tilman Pfau

Published Nov 7, 2012• 13 citations
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Abstract

We report on the observation of the collapse of a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) upon release from a one-dimensional optical lattice. In strong contrast with the typical behavior of quantum gases under time of flight (TOF), we show here that a strongly dipolar BEC, stabilized in the lattice, may become unstable during the TOF dynamics due to the combined effect of the anisotropy of the dipolar interaction and intersite coherence. Such TOF-triggered collapse is a peculiar case of a collapse induced by the deconfinement of a dipolar many-body system at a fixed two-body interaction strength.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.86.051603

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We report on the observation of the collapse of a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) upon release from a one-dimensional optical lattice. In strong contrast with the typical behavior of quantum gases under time of flight (TOF), we show here that a strongly dipolar BEC, stabilized in the lattice, may become unstable during the TOF dynamics due to the combined effect of the anisotropy of the dipolar interaction and intersite coherence. Such TOF-triggered collapse is a peculiar case of a collapse induced by the deconfinement of a dipolar many-body system at a fixed two-body interaction strength.
The subject of this thesis is the experimental investigation of a dipolar 52-Chromium Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a one-dimensional optical lattice potential. At first, the influence of the periodic landscape on the stability of the quantum gas is investigated. Based on these measurements, the collapse dynamics of the system, i.e. its time evolution after passing the threshold to the unstable regime, is observed and analyzed. Both the investigations aim to contribute to the basic understanding of dipolar quantum gases. In addition, they may provide a basis for further experiments with dipolar BECs in optical lattices. Amongst others, the observation of self-organized density structures is one of the biggest goals in this field of research.
We show that in contrast with contact interacting gases, an optical lattice changes drastically the stability properties of a dipolar condensate, inducing a crossover from dipolar destabilization to dipolar stabilization for increasing lattice depths. Performing stability measurements on a 52{}^{52}52Cr Bose-Einstein condensate in an interaction-dominated regime, repulsive dipolar interaction balances negative scattering lengths down to $\ensuremath{-}17$ Bohr radii. Our findings are in excellent agreement with mean-field calculations, revealing the important destabilizing role played by intersite dipolar interactions in deep lattices.
We study the collision of two Bose–Einstein condensates with pure dipolar interaction. A stationary pure dipolar condensate is known to be stable when the atom number is below a critical value. However, collapse can occur during the collision between two condensates due to local density fluctuations even if the total atom number is only a fraction of the critical value. Using full three-dimensional numerical simulations, we observe the collapse induced by local density fluctuations. For the purpose of future experiments, we present the time dependence of the density distribution, energy per particle and the maximal density of the condensate. We also discuss the collapse time as a function of the relative phase between the two condensates.
We study the stabilization properties of dipolar Bose–Einstein condensate in a deep one-dimensional optical lattice with an additional external parametrically modulated harmonic trap potential. Through both analytical and numerical methods, we solve a dimensionless nonlocal nonlinear discrete Gross–Pitaevskii equation with both the short-range contact interaction and the long-range dipole–dipole interaction. It is shown that, the stability of dipolar condensate in modulated deep optical lattice can be controled by coupled effects of the contact interaction, the dipolar interaction and the external modulation. The system can be stabilized when the dipolar interaction, the contact interaction, the average strength of potential and the ratio of amplitude to frequency of the modulation satisfy a critical condition. In addition, the breather state, the diffused state and the attractive-interaction-induced-trapped state are predicted. The dipolar interaction and the external modulation of the lattice play important roles in stabilizing the condensate.
Collapse in dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates may be arrested by quantum fluctuations. Due to the anisotropy of the dipole-dipole interactions, the dipole-driven collapse induced by soft excitations is compensated by the repulsive Lee-Huang-Yang contribution resulting from quantum fluctuations of hard excitations, in a similar mechanism as that recently proposed for Bose-Bose mixtures. The arrested collapse results in self-bound filamentlike droplets, providing an explanation for the intriguing results of recent dysprosium experiments. Arrested instability and droplet formation are general features directly linked to the nature of the dipole-dipole interactions, and should hence play an important role in all future experiments with strongly dipolar gases.