Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1204.2615 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Symmetric coupling of four spin-1/2 systems

Jun Suzuki, Berthold‐Georg Englert

Published May 29, 2012• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We address the non-binary coupling of identical angular momenta based upon the representation theory for the symmetric group. A correspondence is pointed out between the complete set of commuting operators and the reference-frame-free subsystems. We provide a detailed analysis of the coupling of three and four spin-1/2 systems and discuss a symmetric coupling of four spin-1/2 systems.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/45/25/255301

Related papers

Symmetrical Coupling of Three Angular Momenta

Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond, Monique Nahas

We introduce here a new coupling scheme for three angular momenta. It relies on the properties of an operator which depends ``democratically'' upon the three individual angular momenta; this is in fact their mixed product. This operator, the total angular momentum and one of its components form a complete set of commuting observables. In the case where the three individual angular momenta are equal, the eigenstates of this set possess remarkable symmetry properties with respect to the permutation group S3.

Journal of Mathematical Physics•Sep 1, 1965•83 citations

Addition of Angular Momenta

Масуд Чайчиан, Rolf Hagedorn

This chapter discusses the addition of angular momenta in the physicist’s way. From the considerations it follows that there are several ways to construct complete systems of commuting angular momentum observables. Belonging to two complete sets (two different ‘couplings’) of commuting angular momentum observables, there must exist a unitary transformation. For more than two angular momenta there will be more sets and more unitary transformations between the different couplings. The matrix elements of these transformations are called ‘recoupling coefficients’. They can be expressed by sums over products of Clebsch-Gordan coefficients (CGCs); this is to be expected from the fact that repeated coupling of two angular momenta generates any desired coupling scheme. It also is to be expected that the transformations between different coupling schemes become rapidly more complicated with growing numbers of subsystems. A powerful and elegant graphical representation for CGCs exists which can be used in the calculations of coupling of angular momenta.

CRC Press eBooks•Jul 14, 2023•0 citations

Matrix Representation of the Angular Momentum Projection Operator

Joseph Y. Shapiro

Formulas are obtained which give the matrix representation, relative to a product basis, of the projection operator for the total angular momentum of a system. If the individual angular momenta are not too large, the matrix elements depend upon a small number of parameters, independent of the number of angular momenta coupled. Recurrence relations between elements and symmetry properties of elements are derived. These results enable one to perform the vector coupling of a large number of angular momenta in a relatively simple fashion. The connection between the matrix elements and vector coupling coefficients is discussed. Several important special cases are treated in detail.

Journal of Mathematical Physics•Nov 1, 1965•44 citations

Transformation of spin in quantum reference frames

Marion Mikusch, Luis C. Barbado, Časlav Brukner

In physical experiments, reference frames are standardly modeled through a specific choice of coordinates used to describe the physical systems, but they themselves are not considered as such. However, any reference frame is a physical system that ultimately behaves according to quantum mechanics. We develop a framework for rotational (i.e., spin) quantum reference frames, with respect to which quantum systems with spin degrees of freedom are described. We give an explicit model for such frames as systems composed of three spin coherent states of angular momentum $j$ and introduce the transformations between them by upgrading the Euler angles occurring in classical $\text{SO}(3)$ spin transformations to quantum mechanical operators acting on the states of the reference frames. To ensure that an arbitrary rotation can be applied on the spin we take the limit of infinitely large $j$, in which case the angle operator possesses a continuous spectrum. We prove that rotationally invariant Hamiltonians (such as that of the Heisenberg model) are invariant under a larger group of quantum reference frame transformations. Our result is a development of the quantum reference frame formalism for a non-Abelian group.

arXiv:2103.05022•Physical Review Research•Nov 29, 2021•23 citations

Coupling Schemes for an n su(2) Spin System

Masatoshi Yamamura, Constança Providência, João Da Providência +2 more

In the framework of the Schwinger boson representation for the su(2)-algebra, the closed form is derived for the total spin eigenstates which result from the coupling of n su(2)-spins. In order to demonstrate its usefulness, the orthogonal set for the so(5)-algebra, which is reduced to four su(2)-spin systems, is obtained. 1 typeset using PTPTEX.sty <ver.1.0>§1. Introduction and preliminaries The boson realization of the su(2)-algebra due to Schwinger 1) and named after him plays a crucial role in the Theory of Angular Momentum, for instance in the derivation of the irreducible representations of the rotation operators. The Schwinger representation of the su(2)-algebra also proved to be most useful in the study of various many-body systems,

•Jan 1, 2004•0 citations

Coupling Schemes for an n su(2) Spin System

M. Yamamura, C. Providencia, J. d. Providencia +2 more

In the framework of the Schwinger boson representation for the su(2)-algebra, the closed form is derived for the total spin eigenstates which result from the coupling of n su(2)-spins. In order to demonstrate its usefulness, the orthogonal set for the so(5)-algebra, which is reduced to four su(2)-spin systems, is obtained.

arXiv:nucl-th/0410026•Progress of Theoretical Physics•Dec 1, 2004•0 citations
We address the non-binary coupling of identical angular momenta based upon the representation theory for the symmetric group. A correspondence is pointed out between the complete set of commuting operators and the reference-frame-free subsystems. We provide a detailed analysis of the coupling of three and four spin-1/2 systems and discuss a symmetric coupling of four spin-1/2 systems.
We introduce here a new coupling scheme for three angular momenta. It relies on the properties of an operator which depends ``democratically'' upon the three individual angular momenta; this is in fact their mixed product. This operator, the total angular momentum and one of its components form a complete set of commuting observables. In the case where the three individual angular momenta are equal, the eigenstates of this set possess remarkable symmetry properties with respect to the permutation group S3.
This chapter discusses the addition of angular momenta in the physicist’s way. From the considerations it follows that there are several ways to construct complete systems of commuting angular momentum observables. Belonging to two complete sets (two different ‘couplings’) of commuting angular momentum observables, there must exist a unitary transformation. For more than two angular momenta there will be more sets and more unitary transformations between the different couplings. The matrix elements of these transformations are called ‘recoupling coefficients’. They can be expressed by sums over products of Clebsch-Gordan coefficients (CGCs); this is to be expected from the fact that repeated coupling of two angular momenta generates any desired coupling scheme. It also is to be expected that the transformations between different coupling schemes become rapidly more complicated with growing numbers of subsystems. A powerful and elegant graphical representation for CGCs exists which can be used in the calculations of coupling of angular momenta.
Formulas are obtained which give the matrix representation, relative to a product basis, of the projection operator for the total angular momentum of a system. If the individual angular momenta are not too large, the matrix elements depend upon a small number of parameters, independent of the number of angular momenta coupled. Recurrence relations between elements and symmetry properties of elements are derived. These results enable one to perform the vector coupling of a large number of angular momenta in a relatively simple fashion. The connection between the matrix elements and vector coupling coefficients is discussed. Several important special cases are treated in detail.
In physical experiments, reference frames are standardly modeled through a specific choice of coordinates used to describe the physical systems, but they themselves are not considered as such. However, any reference frame is a physical system that ultimately behaves according to quantum mechanics. We develop a framework for rotational (i.e., spin) quantum reference frames, with respect to which quantum systems with spin degrees of freedom are described. We give an explicit model for such frames as systems composed of three spin coherent states of angular momentum jjj and introduce the transformations between them by upgrading the Euler angles occurring in classical SO(3)\text{SO}(3)SO(3) spin transformations to quantum mechanical operators acting on the states of the reference frames. To ensure that an arbitrary rotation can be applied on the spin we take the limit of infinitely large jjj, in which case the angle operator possesses a continuous spectrum. We prove that rotationally invariant Hamiltonians (such as that of the Heisenberg model) are invariant under a larger group of quantum reference frame transformations. Our result is a development of the quantum reference frame formalism for a non-Abelian group.
In the framework of the Schwinger boson representation for the su(2)-algebra, the closed form is derived for the total spin eigenstates which result from the coupling of n su(2)-spins. In order to demonstrate its usefulness, the orthogonal set for the so(5)-algebra, which is reduced to four su(2)-spin systems, is obtained. 1 typeset using PTPTEX.sty <ver.1.0>§1. Introduction and preliminaries The boson realization of the su(2)-algebra due to Schwinger 1) and named after him plays a crucial role in the Theory of Angular Momentum, for instance in the derivation of the irreducible representations of the rotation operators. The Schwinger representation of the su(2)-algebra also proved to be most useful in the study of various many-body systems,