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arXiv:1202.3150 · Journal of Physics Conference Series

From Lagrangian to Quantum Mechanics with Symmetries

M C Nucci

Published Aug 24, 2012• 10 citations
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Abstract

We present an old and regretfully forgotten method by Jacobi which allows one to find many Lagrangians of simple classical models and also of nonconservative systems. We underline that the knowledge of Lie symmetries generates Jacobi last multipliers and each of the latter yields a Lagrangian. Then it is shown that Noether's theorem can identify among those Lagrangians the physical Lagrangian(s) that will successfully lead to quantization. The preservation of the Noether symmetries as Lie symmetries of the corresponding Schrödinger equation is the key that takes classical mechanics into quantum mechanics. Some examples are presented.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/380/1/012008

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We present an old and regretfully forgotten method by Jacobi which allows one to find many Lagrangians of simple classical models and also of nonconservative systems. We underline that the knowledge of Lie symmetries generates Jacobi last multipliers and each of the latter yields a Lagrangian. Then it is shown that Noether's theorem can identify among those Lagrangians the physical Lagrangian(s) that will successfully lead to quantization. The preservation of the Noether symmetries as Lie symmetries of the corresponding Schrödinger equation is the key that takes classical mechanics into quantum mechanics. Some examples are presented.
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Mathematical modeling should present a consistent description of physical phenomena. We illustrate an inconsistency with two Hamiltonians -- the standard Hamiltonian and an example found in Goldstein -- for the simple harmonic oscillator and its quantisation. Both descriptions are rich in Lie point symmetries and so one can calculate many Jacobi Last Multipliers and therefore Lagrangians. The Last Multiplier provides the route to the resolution of this problem and indicates that the great debate about the quantisation of dissipative systems should never have occurred.
For the largest class of physical systems having a classical analog, a new rigorous, but not probabilistic, Lagrangian version of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics is given, in terms of a notion of regularized action function. As a consequence of the study of the symmetries of this action, an associated Nœther theorem is obtained. All the quantum symmetries resulting from the canonical quantization procedure follow in this way, as well as a number of symmetries which are new even for the case of the simplest systems. The method is based on the study of a corresponding Lie algebra and an analytical continuation in the time parameter of the probabilistic construction given in paper I of this work. Generically, the associated quantum first integrals are time dependent and the probabilistic model provides a natural interpretation of the new symmetries. Various examples illustrate the physical relevance of our results.