We propose a two-dimensional model for a multilayer stack of dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates formed by a strong optical lattice. We derive effective intra- and interlayer dipole-dipole interaction potentials and provide simple analytical approximations for a given number of lattice sites at arbitrary polarization. We find that the interlayer dipole-dipole interaction changes the transverse aspect ratio of the ground state in the central layers depending on its polarization and the number of lattice sites. The changing aspect ratio should be observable in time-of-flight images. Furthermore, we show that the interlayer dipole-dipole interaction reduces the excitation energy of local perturbations affecting the development of a roton minimum.
We propose a two-dimensional model for a multilayer stack of dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates formed by a strong optical lattice. We derive effective intra- and interlayer dipole-dipole interaction potentials and provide simple analytical approximations for a given number of lattice sites at arbitrary polarization. We find that the interlayer dipole-dipole interaction changes the transverse aspect ratio of the ground state in the central layers depending on its polarization and the number of lattice sites. The changing aspect ratio should be observable in time-of-flight images. Furthermore, we show that the interlayer dipole-dipole interaction reduces the excitation energy of local perturbations affecting the development of a roton minimum.
In calculations to date [D.-W. Wang and E. Demler, e-print arXiv:0812.1838; M. Klawunn and L. Santos, Phys. Rev. A 80, 013611 (2009)] of multilayer stacks of dipolar condensates, created in one-dimensional optical lattices, the condensates have been assumed to be two dimensional. In a real experiment, however, the condensates do not extend to infinity in the oblate direction, but have to be confined by a trap potential, too. By three-dimensional numerical simulations of this realistic experimental situation we find a crucial dependence of the phonon instability boundary on the number of layers. Moreover, near the boundary of the phonon instability, a variety of structured ground-state wave functions emerges, which may indicate the onset of a roton instability [S. Ronen, D. C. E. Bortolotti, and J. L. Bohn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 030406 (2007); R. M. Wilson, S. Ronen, J. L. Bohn, and H. Pu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 245302 (2008)]. We also consider the effect of a variable number of atoms per layer on the appearance of the phonon instability.
We consider a minimal model to investigate the quantum phases of hardcore, polarized dipolar atoms confined in multilayer optical lattices. The model is a variant of the extended Bose-Hubbard model, which incorporates intralayer repulsion and interlayer attraction between the atoms in nearest-neighbor sites. We study the phases of this model emerging from the competition between the attractive interlayer interaction and the interlayer hopping. Our results from the analytical and cluster-Gutzwiller mean-field theories reveal that multimer formation occurs in the regime of weak intra- and interlayer hopping due to the attractive interaction. In addition, intralayer isotropic repulsive interaction results in the checkerboard ordering of the multimers. This leads to an incompressible checkerboard multimer phase at half-filling. At higher interlayer hopping, the multimers are destabilized to form resonating valence-bond-like states. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of thermal fluctuations on the quantum phases of the system.
We investigate the effect of anisotropic and long-range dipole-dipole interaction (DDI) on the center motions of nonoverlapping Bose-Einstein condensates in bilayer and multilayer stacks. In the bilayer, it is shown analytically that while DDI plays no role in the in-phase modes of center motions of condensates, out-of-phase mode frequency (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{o}$) depends crucially on the strength of DDI (ad). At the small-ad limit, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{o}^{2}({a}_{d})\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{o}^{2}(0)\ensuremath{\propto}{a}_{d}$. In the multilayer stack, transverse modes associated with center motions of coupled condensates are found to be optical-phonon-like. At the long-wavelength limit, phonon velocity is proportional to ad.
In this paper, we consider the formation of vortices in multilayer stacks of Bose–Einstein condensates with tilted dipoles by numerical simulations of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation. Different dependencies of critical rotation frequency (CRF) and optical lattice height, vortex number, and rotation frequency are studied, depending on the direction of the dipole axis and dipole strength. Our results show that the CRF in z = 0 is minimum. When the optical lattice height is gradually increased, the CRF decreases gradually. Reducing of dipole strength in anisotropic dipole–dipole interaction (DDI) favours the formation of vortices, and such decline in isotropic DDI hinders the creation of vortices. The reason for this difference is that the repulsive interaction is favorable and the attractive interaction is disadvantageous for the vortex formation. In addition, we study the first-order correlation function and focus on variation of coherence. For small rotation frequency, the break of coherence occurs earlier in the case of purely repulsive interaction. With an increase in rotation frequency, the coherence concurrently disappears in layer z = 2. Moreover, we also investigate the quenched dynamics, showing that the increase of angular momentum is induced by changing the direction of dipoles and in this process the vortex number remains unchanged.
We derive rigorous one- and two-dimensional mean-field equations for cigar- and pancake-shaped dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates with arbitrary polarization angle. We show how the dipolar interaction modifies the contact interaction of the strongly confined atoms. In addition, our equations introduce a nonlocal potential, which is anisotropic for pancake-shaped condensates. We propose to observe this anisotropy via measurement of the condensate aspect ratio. We also derive analytically approximate density profiles from our equations. Both the numerical solutions of our reduced mean-field equations and the analytical density profiles agree well with numerical solutions of the full Gross-Pitaevskii equation while being more efficient to compute.
We analyze the scattering of bright solitons in dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates placed in unconnected layers. Whereas for short-range interactions unconnected layers are independent, a remarkable consequence of the dipole interaction is the appearance of nonlocal interlayer effects. In particular, we show that both for one- and two-dimensional solitons the interlayer interaction leads to an effective molecular potential between disconnected solitons, which induces a complex scattering physics between them, that includes inelastic fusion into soliton molecules, and strong inelastic resonances. In addition, contrary to the short-range interacting case, a two-dimensional soliton scattering is possible, in which inelastic spiraling occurs, resembling phenomena in photorefractive materials.