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arXiv:1111.6545 · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter

Local density of states of the one-dimensional spinless fermion model

E Jeckelmann

Published Dec 5, 2012• 15 citations
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Abstract

We investigate the local density of states of the one-dimensional half-filled spinless fermion model with nearest-neighbour hopping t > 0 and interaction V in its Luttinger liquid phase -2t < V ≤ 2t. The bulk density of states and the local density of states in open chains are calculated over the full band width ∼4t with an energy resolution ≤0.08t using the dynamical density-matrix renormalization group (DDMRG) method. We also perform DDMRG simulations with a resolution of 0.01t around the Fermi energy to reveal the power-law behaviour D(ϵ) ∼ |ϵ - ϵ(F)|(α) predicted by the Luttinger liquid theory for bulk and boundary density of states. The exponents α are determined using a finite-size scaling analysis of DDMRG data for lattices with up to 3200 sites. The results agree with the exact exponents given by the Luttinger liquid theory combined with the Bethe Ansatz solution. The crossover from boundary to bulk density of states is analysed. We have found that boundary effects can be seen in the local density of states at all energies, even far away from the chain edges.

DOI
10.1088/0953-8984/25/1/014002

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We investigate the local density of states of the one-dimensional half-filled spinless fermion model with nearest-neighbour hopping t > 0 and interaction V in its Luttinger liquid phase -2t < V ≤ 2t. The bulk density of states and the local density of states in open chains are calculated over the full band width ∼4t with an energy resolution ≤0.08t using the dynamical density-matrix renormalization group (DDMRG) method. We also perform DDMRG simulations with a resolution of 0.01t around the Fermi energy to reveal the power-law behaviour D(ϵ) ∼ |ϵ - ϵ(F)|(α) predicted by the Luttinger liquid theory for bulk and boundary density of states. The exponents α are determined using a finite-size scaling analysis of DDMRG data for lattices with up to 3200 sites. The results agree with the exact exponents given by the Luttinger liquid theory combined with the Bethe Ansatz solution. The crossover from boundary to bulk density of states is analysed. We have found that boundary effects can be seen in the local density of states at all energies, even far away from the chain edges.
We study one-dimensional spinless fermions at zero and finite temperature TTT using the density-matrix renormalization group. We consider nearest- as well as next-nearest-neighbor interactions; the latter render the system inaccessible by a Bethe ansatz treatment. Using an infinite-system algorithm we demonstrate the emergence of Luttinger liquid physics at low energies for a variety of static correlation functions as well as for thermodynamic properties. The characteristic power-law suppression of the momentum distribution n(k)n(k)n(k) function at T=0T=0T=0 can be directly observed over several orders of magnitude. At finite temperature, we show that n(k)n(k)n(k) obeys a scaling relation. The Luttinger liquid parameter and the renormalized Fermi velocity can be extracted from the density response function, the specific heat, or the susceptibility without the need to carry out any finite-size analysis. We illustrate that the energy scale below which Luttinger liquid power laws manifest vanishes as the half-filled system is driven into a gapped phase by large interactions.
The physics of one-dimensional systems of interacting fermions strongly differs from the picture offered by Fermi liquid theory. The low-energy properties of metallic, paramagnetic 1D Fermi systems are well described by the Luttinger liquid (LL) theory. Among other properties, the homogeneous LL is known to exhibit power-law behaviour for various correlation functions. For spin rotational invariant models, the exponents can be expressed in terms of a single parameter Kρ, which is known to be non-universal. The LL concept emerged in the study of homogeneous systems with periodic boundary condition (PBC). In these models the local spectral function shows a power-law suppression at energies asymptotically close to the chemical potential µ. Theoretically, this is very well understood and the exact LL parameter Kρ is known for a set of integrable models. In the last decades however, the interest shifted towards the investigation of LLs with PBC including impurities. The fact that these systems have been shown to scale to chains with open ends led to the study of several models where open boundary condition (OBC) are introduced. As the translational invariance is broken, the exponent of the power-law suppression close to the boundary differs from the one in the bulk. The present work is devoted to the study of the local spectral function of two lattice models of LLs with open boundaries, namely the spinless fermions model with nearest neighbour interaction and the 1D Hubbard model, with the methods of perturbation theory. It is demonstrated that many aspects of the spectral properties can be understood within the HF theory. Despite what one usually reads about one-dimensional interacting Fermi systems, in the presence of the boundary perturbation theory is already capable of providing meaningful results. Concurrently, this method also allows us to develop an understanding of the dip appearing in the local spectral function at an energy different from the chemical potential.
We study the phase diagram of spinless fermions with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions in one dimension utilizing the (finite-size) density-matrix renormalization group method. The competition between nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions and nearest-neighbor hopping generates four phases in this model: two charge-density-wave insulators, a Luttinger-liquid phase, and a bond-order phase. We use finite-size scaling of the gap and various structure factors to determine the phase diagram.
We reexamine the nature of the metallic phase of the one-dimensional half-filled Holstein model of spinless fermions. To this end, we determine the Tomonaga-Luttinger–liquid correlation parameter K ρ by large-scale density matrix renormalisation group (DMRG) calculations, exploiting i) the leading-order scaling relations between the ground-state energy and the single-particle excitation gap and ii) the static charge structure factor in the long-wavelength limit. While both approaches give almost identical results for intermediate-to-large phonon frequencies, we find contrasting behaviour in the adiabatic regime: i) K ρ >1 (attractive) vs. ii) K ρ < 1 (repulsive). The latter result for the correlation exponent is corroborated by data obtained for the momentum distribution function n ( k ), which puts the existence of an attractive metallic state in the spinless fermion Holstein model into question. We conclude that the scaling relation must be modified in the presence of electron-phonon interactions with noticeable retardation.
We improve the recently developed functional renormalization group (fRG) for impurities and boundaries in Luttinger liquids by including renormalization of the two-particle interaction, in addition to renormalization of the impurity potential. Explicit flow equations are derived for spinless lattice fermions with nearest-neighbor interaction at zero temperature, and a fast algorithm for solving these equations for very large systems is presented. We compute spectral properties of single-particle excitations, and the oscillations in the density profile induced by impurities or boundaries for chains with up to 106{10}^{6}106 lattice sites. The expected asymptotic power laws at low energy or long distance are fully captured by the fRG. Results on the relevant energy scales and crossover phenomena at intermediate scales are also obtained. A comparison with numerical density matrix renormalization results for systems with up to 1000 sites shows that the fRG with the inclusion of vertex renormalization is remarkably accurate even for intermediate interaction strengths.
We solve a very general two-channel fermion-boson model describing charge transport within some background medium by means of a refined pseudosite density-matrix renormalization group technique. Performing a careful finite-size scaling analysis, we determine the ground-state phase diagram and convincingly prove that the model exhibits a metal-insulator quantum phase transition for the half-filled band case. In order to characterize the metallic and insulating regimes we calculate, besides the local particle densities and fermion-boson correlation functions, the kinetic energy, the charge-structure factor, the Luttinger liquid charge exponent, and the single-particle excitation gap for a one-dimensional infinite system.