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arXiv:1111.4379 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Classification of arbitrary multipartite entangled states under local unitary equivalence

Junli Li, Cong‐Feng Qiao

Published Jan 29, 2013• 20 citations
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Abstract

We propose a practical method for finding the canonical forms of arbitrary dimensional multipartite entangled states, either pure or mixed. By extending the technique developed in one of our recent works, the canonical forms for the mixed N -partite entangled states are constructed where they have inherited local unitary symmetries from their corresponding N + 1 pure state counterparts. A systematic scheme to express the local symmetries of the canonical form is also presented, which provides a feasible way of verifying the local unitary equivalence for two multipartite entangled states.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/46/7/075301

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We propose a practical method for finding the canonical forms of arbitrary dimensional multipartite entangled states, either pure or mixed. By extending the technique developed in one of our recent works, the canonical forms for the mixed N -partite entangled states are constructed where they have inherited local unitary symmetries from their corresponding N + 1 pure state counterparts. A systematic scheme to express the local symmetries of the canonical form is also presented, which provides a feasible way of verifying the local unitary equivalence for two multipartite entangled states.
Local unitary equivalence is an important ingredient for quantifying and classifying entanglement. Verifying whether or not two quantum states are local unitary equivalent is a crucial problem, where only the case of multipartite pure states is solved. For mixed states, however, the verification of local unitary equivalence is still a challenging problem. In this paper, based on the coefficient matrices of generalized Bloch representations of quantum states, we find a variety of local unitary invariants for arbitrary-dimensional bipartite quantum states. These invariants are operational and can be used as necessary conditions for verifying the local unitary equivalence of two quantum states. Furthermore, we extend the construction to the arbitrary-dimensional multipartite case. We finally apply these invariants to estimate concurrence, a vital entanglement measure, showing the practicability of local unitary invariants in characterizing entanglement.
The necessary and sufficient conditions for the equivalence of arbitrary nnn-qubit pure quantum states under local unitary (LU) operations derived in [B. Kraus, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 020504 (2010)] are used to determine the different LU-equivalence classes of up to five-qubit states. Due to this classification new parameters characterizing multipartite entanglement are found and their physical interpretation is given. Moreover, the method is used to derive examples of two nnn-qubit states (with n>2n>2n>2 arbitrary) which have the properties that all the entropies of any subsystem coincide; however, the states are neither LU equivalent nor can be mapped into each other by general local operations and classical communication.
Local unitary equivalence is central to entanglement quantification and classification. Identifying the local unitary equivalence remains a formidable challenge. We address this problem for a class of quantum states with one highly degenerate eigenvalue and the rest non-degenerate simple eigenvalues that are pivotal to structured resources in quantum resource theory. We introduce a ``reduction" procedure that maps each state to a ``reduced state" by nullifying the highest-multiplicity eigenvalue and prove that the local unitary equivalence of the original states is equivalent to that of their reduced counterparts. For the resulting pure or non-degenerate reduced states, we employ the existing invariants or fixed-point subgroup criteria to establish a complete discrimination framework, although the existing criteria can not directly identify the local unitary equivalence of the original states. We also verify the local unitary equivalence of two families of single-parameterized multipartite mixed states constructed by perturbing absolutely maximally entangled states from distinct combinatorial origins, demonstrating the efficacy and generality of our approach.
We study the local unitary equivalence of arbitrary dimensional multipartite quantum mixed states. We present a necessary and sufficient criterion of the local unitary equivalence for general multipartite states based on matrix realignment. The criterion is shown to be operational, even for particularly degenerated states, by detailed examples. In addition, explicit expressions of the local unitary operators are constructed for locally equivalent states. Complementary to the criterion, an alternative approach based on the partial transposition of matrices is also given, which makes the criterion more effective in dealing with generally degenerated mixed states.